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Showing posts with label HIQA report. Show all posts
Showing posts with label HIQA report. Show all posts

Friday, April 1, 2016

Donie's Ireland daily news BLOG update

At last Martin and Kenny agree to hold government formation talks?

BUT IS THERE A DROP OF WATER BETWEEN THEM?

   
Enda Kenny and Micheál Martin have finally agreed to hold crunch government formation talks.
Discussions will take place after next Wednesday’s Dáil Taoiseach nomination vote.
Micheál Martin spoke to his rival in a 20-minute phone call today – the first time either has reached out to the other since the February 26 general election 33 days ago.
Speaking to reporters at Leinster House this afternoon, Mr Martin confirmed he contacted the Fine Gael leader this morning amid Irish Examiner reports the April 6 vote may not take place because it is destined to end in a stalemate.
Mr Martin said Mr Kenny insisted the vote will still take place, at which point he is believed to have sought a meeting with the Fianna Fáil leader tomorrow.
However, Mr Martin said he told Mr Kenny if the vote takes place any meeting must be delayed until after Wednesday – a position both potential Taoiseach have now agreed.
“Just before lunchtime I rang the Taoiseach. In the first instance I told him I read reports there may be moves to defer the vote on Wednesday, the vote for Taoiseach,” Mr Martin said this afternoon.
“I made it clear I wouldn’t be supporting that, that I wanted it to go ahead next Wednesday and fall whatever way it falls.
“He confirmed that the vote would go ahead, and also that we are engaged in that negotiation process with the Independents and that we would be having (talks) sessions on Monday on Tuesday.
“We both agreed we would engage in the aftermath of that, and following conclusions on Wednesday,” he said.
Mr Martin said despite the development his party “wouldn’t be going into a grand coalition with Fine Gael”, and said he told Mr Kenny he was frustrated by acting Jobs Minister Richard Bruton’s comments yesterday that Fine Gael would not support a Fianna Fáil-led minority government, describing it as “intemperate language”.
Mr Martin also said he did not know if next Wednesday will end in stalemate or if another election will occur, but said if this happens “the responsibility is on the entire Dáil”.
Asked if Independents should now “pee or get off the pot” by explaining how they will vote because Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil have now committed to talking to each other, the Fianna Fáil leader joked:
“That might be the fastest way of losing a vote”.
It is understood Fianna Fáil wants to hold off on any talks with Fine Gael until after the April 6 vote because depending on the outcome two different conversations may take place.
Micheál Martin said he believed we were not going to have a new Government in place any time soon.
“I know people are anxious to know when a Government is going to be formed, but I think we’re some few weeks away from that yet,” he said.

Jake Brennan inquest jury recommends lower speed limits

JURY PROPOSES 30KM/H IN HOUSING ESTATES AFTER HEARING OF SON’S DEATH IN MOTHER’S ARMS

  

JAKE BRENNAN: SAID “MAMMY I DON’T WANT TO DIE; I DON’T WANT TO DIE” AS HIS MOTHER ROSEANN CRADLED HIM IN HER ARMS. 

The jury at an inquest into the death of a six-year-old boy who was struck by a car outside his home has recommended the introduction of a mandatory 30km/h speed limit in housing estates.
The inquest into the death of Kilkenny boy Jake Brennan in June 2014 heard how he lay dying in his mother’s arms after he was hit by a car.
The boy’s parents, Christopher and Roseann Brennan, subsequently launched a high-profile Jake’s Legacy campaign for lower speed limits in housing estates.
The jury at the inquest in Carlow also called for improved signage in housing estates after it heard emergency services had trouble finding the cul-de-sac where the Brennans lived. It took the ambulance crew four minutes to drive across Kilkenny city to the estate, but a further three minutes to find Lintown Grove. A garda described the area as “a maze”.
The boy died from crush injuries to his chest and abdomen as a result of being struck by a car, the jury decided in accordance with medical evidence.
Deputy state pathologist Dr Michael Curtis said the injuries were “consistent with being run over and dragged by the front bodywork of a vehicle”.
Coroner Dr Brendan Doyle is to write to the Department of Transport about the jury’s recommendation for lower speed limits in housing estates and improved signage.
Ms Brennan, the boy’s mother, said she and her three children had been in McDonagh Junction shopping centre in Kilkenny on the evening of June 12th, 2014, before returning home to her husband Christopher who was getting dinner ready. The children had ice-cream and played in the shopping centre’s play area. Jake had said it was the “best day of my life” she told the inquest.
At home he put on a little show for them and sang a song. The children had their dinner on a little table and chairs on the front lawn. Her brother-in-law Pat O’Hara arrived to return her husband’s lawnmower and they chatted for a few minutes.
Just as Mr O’Hara was about to leave, Jake asked her if he could go across the road to the green. She was going to say no, but said he could go for a few minutes.
She saw a car and heard a bang, “and I knew.” She screamed “no!” and “Jake!” and saw him going up into the air and coming down again. “I knew by how far he went up that he was destroyed.”
She ran over to him and he was saying “mammy, mammy, I’m sorry”. And as she held him she told him it was not his fault. He said, “mammy I don’t want to die, I don’t want to die”.
His breathing became slower. The ambulance arrived but “I knew he was gone and never coming back”. The paramedics worked on him for some time at the scene, before bringing him to hospital in the ambulance with his parents accompanying them. He was pronounced dead shortly afterwards.

‘Jake’s Law’?

M/s Brennan told her solicitor Michael Lanigan that she had since campaigned for speed limits in housing estates, currently at 50km/h, to be reduced to 20km/h and wanted this to be “Jake’s Law” and her son’s legacy.
Her husband Christopher said he made the 999 call after Jake was struck and said to the driver of the car involved that “you were speeding”. She denied it, he added.
The driver of the car that hit Jake, Katarzyna Biala (39) was not well enough to attend the inquest but a statement she gave to gardaí¬ was read out. She said she was not speeding and never saw Jake from the side, but just when her car hit him. “He just flew up in the air a bit. It happened so fast. I don’t know where he came from.”
She was “in shock” afterwards. She also told Gardaí she thought she was driving at about 20-30km/h.
The inquest heard that, after a Garda investigation and a file being sent to the DPP’s office, a decision was made by the DPP not to bring any prosecution.
Forensic collision investigator Garda Maurice Mahon said that, based on the point of impact outlined by Ms Brennan and the distance Ms Biala would have travelled from her own house nearby, the car was travelling at between 44km/h and 46km/h at the time.
A neighbour, Michael O’Keeffe, who saw the collision from his front room, told the inquest he felt the car was “going too fast”.
Mr O’Hara said he remembered the car “going fairly fast” and his passengerCarl Gleeson said he thought the car was “going a bit fast for an estate”. Mr O’Hara also said the car travelled up to another 70 yards before stopping and he saw Jake “staggering” towards his mother before collapsing to the ground.
Mr Gleeson said he saw Jake coming from “under the car” after the collision.
The coroner said Jake’s death had left “a huge space in the lives of a lot of people”, particularly his parents and family. But his legacy would serve as “a beacon to his memory”.
Speaking after the inquest, Ms Brennan said she had had a dream about Jake the previous night. “He was such a cuddly, funny, really loveable little lad.”
She said it was “very upsetting” to go back over details of his last moments. The family’s lives were “ruined”, she said. “Family days out start with visiting Jake’s grave. That’s not right. We had two little boys and a little girl. Before she [Jake’s sister] goes to bed at night, she kisses his picture and they say good morning to him. That’s not fair.”
The couple welcomed the jury’s recommendation for 30km/h speed limits in housing estates. “We feel our baby didn’t die in vain,” said Ms Brennan.
Response needed?
A spokesman for the Department of Transport said the speed limit in housing estates currently stands at 50km/h, but local authorities have the option of lowering it to 30km/h.
The Road Traffic Bill 2016, which passed through the Seanad but did not come before the last Dáil before it was dissolved, would have given local authorities the option to lower the limit to 20km/h. The spokesman said local authorities were “best placed” to make such determinations.
There was cross-party support for the proposal to allow lower speed limits.

As much as 22% of Irish hospitals re-inspected over poor hygiene

    

MORE THAN ONE-IN-FIVE HOSPITALS REQUIRED A RE-INSPECTION DUE TO POOR HYGIENE LAST YEAR, A HIQA REPORT SHOWS.

The overview of 39 unannounced inspections at 32 hospitals shows that there has been improvement in hand hygiene practices but poor levels of overall environmental cleanliness.
There was a significant increase in the need for re-inspections in 2015, with 22% of hospitals inspected requiring follow-up, compared to one-in-10 the previous year.
The inspections were carried out between January and December 2015, with the aim of assessing compliance against the National Standards for the Prevention and Control of Healthcare Associated Infections.
A total of 64 clinical areas were inspected, such as operating theatres, endoscopy suites, haematology, day infusion services, intensive care units and renal dialysis units.
Seven hospitals required re-inspections. They were: South Infirmary Victoria Hospital, Cork; Letterkenny General Hospital; Kerry General Hospital; The Midland Regional Hospital, Mullingar; The National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street; Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Drogheda; and Portiuncula Hospital, Ballinasloe.
Of those, one hospital — Letterkenny General Hospital — showed no improvement in the standard of environmental hygiene.
The report said more than half of hospitals (59%) needed to greatly improve the preparation, labelling and storage of intravenous medication in the clinical area. Observations that fell below best practice and were deemed unsafe included pre-prepared syringes of anaesthetic and other medicines not prepared in aseptic compounding facilities that were: unlabelled or insufficiently labelled; inappropriately stored; or left unattended and unsecured.
Re-occurring issues identified related to infrastructural deficiencies, outdated units with inadequate infrastructure and overcrowding with limited space between beds.
HIQA’s Head of Healthcare, Susan Cliffe, said a greater culture of compliance with hand hygiene had begun to emerge in most hospitals. “This observation is supported by the reported findings from the HSE national audits that have shown steady improvement over time,” she said.
The 2015 inspection programme involved the assessment of infection prevention ‘care bundles’ for the first time. These are a set of routinely applied evidenced-based actions that, when applied consistently, have been proven to reduce the incidence of infection and protect patients.
HIQA said that while some hospitals had made significant progress in embedding the use of care bundles into everyday practice, implementation was not as advanced as other hospitals. Letterkenny General Hospital was identified as one of the sites that had made progress.
“While effective implementation was identified in some hospitals, care bundles need to be implemented in all acute hospitals where they are not already in place. Good practice includes the reliable application of care bundle steps, accompanied by audit and feedback to staff on compliance with care bundle measures, and device-related infection surveillance,” Cliffe said.

Electric Ireland issues a phishing scam warning to it’s customers?

Watch out for the “@electricireland.ie” emails????
   

ELECTRIC IRELAND IS WARNING ITS CUSTOMERS TO EXERCISE CAUTION WHEN DEALING WITH SUPPOSED EMAILS FROM THE ENERGY COMPANY.

Cyber criminals are now targeting people with high-tech ESB phishing emails?
Scammers are using addresses such as “youraccountonline@electricireland.ie” to trick customers into giving them their details.
The emails refer to “electric bills”, offer refunds and come complete with links to websites closely mimicking the ESB page.
Electric Ireland’s on-line billing system has not been compromised and customers’ personal data has not been obtained any other way.
An Electric Ireland spokesman said today: “This is an ongoing thing over the last number of months.
“It is incredible how sophisticated that latest mail is. These are not just rudimentary scams anymore.
“These emails have nothing to do with Electric Ireland. The instructions on these emails vary, often seeking a response, they may provide a link or attachment and request personal data.
“Please ensure you do not enter any of your details. If you have entered your Electric Ireland online username and password, we urge you to reset your password immediately”.

Irish scientist recreates fossil in full colour for the first time

UCC’S DR MARIA MCNAMARA MAKES BREAKTHROUGH USING THE SKIN OF A FOSSILISED SNAKE

   

DR MARIA MCNAMARA (ABOVE), OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE CORK, WITH BERTIE THE BOA CONSTRICTOR.

An Irish scientist has been able to reconstruct a fossil in full living colour for the first time.
Dr Maria McNamara, of University College Cork (UCC), has found a way to show the full colouration of the skin of a fossilised snake by studying the position of individual fossilised pigment cells in the skin surface.
Previous attempts to show the original skin tones of a fossil have only proved successful for brown, black or dark red.
The work by the palaeobiologist also shows skin surfaces that were iridescent in the living snake.
The fossil came from a sulphur mine near Libris in northeastern Spain.
“I saw the fossil 14 years ago and realised it included fossilised skin. I asked for and was given a sample and I tucked it away,” Dr McNamara said.
The 10 million-year-old fossil looked like a piece of stone, but Dr McNamara was able to reproduce the original colours once she started to study it in detail.
“I realised I had fabulous tissue preservation. I got more samples and realised that I could see many types of pigment cells preserved,” she said.
“Different pigment cells make different colours. We were able to identify thepigment colour by its size, shape and where it occurs in the skin.”
Fossil formation process?
The thing that makes this possible relates to how the fossil was formed.
The buried soft tissues were turned into fossilised stone by a mineral, calcium phosphate.
This forms tiny crystals to replace the original tissue, but the crystals are so small they preserve everything, even structures inside a cell, Dr McNamara said.
“The crystals take on the form of the original tissue in 3d.”
She realised that she could identify the different pigment cell shapes to reproduce the original colours.
In this case, there were tans and greens similar to those seen in a modern boa constrictor, she said.
“The type of patterning was very like camouflage, so this snake was trying to keep itself hidden.
“What is really significant about this study is it is the first instance of colour reconstruction from mineralised fossils.”
Her findings are published on Thursday evening in Current Biology.
Enterprise Ireland, the Irish Research Council and EU Marie Curieprogrammes funded the research.     

Friday, October 18, 2013

Donie's all Ireland news BLOG Thursday

Budget farce as James Reilly doubts medical card €113m HSE savings

  
Plans for massive cuts to the medical card scheme have descended into farce after the health minister cast doubt over the target figure outlined in the budget and the HSE said it will have to be independently verified.
The target of €113m through medical card “probity” was foisted on Health Minister James Reilly on Sunday, without any verification or assessment of how it could be achieved.
The embattled minister told the Oireachtas health committee yesterday the figure was “allocated” by Public Expenditure Minister Brendan Howlin.
  “I am speaking frankly and I am concerned about what can be achieved here,” said Dr Reilly. 
He said the figure was based on Mr Howlin’s “deliberations” of a consultancy report by Price Waterhouse Cooper that said €60m to €200m could be achieved through identifying waste from ineligible cards.
“That report is from 18 months ago and obviously a lot of action has been taken since then,” said Dr Reilly.
He has asked the departments of the Taoiseach and public expenditure to carry out a validation of the figure and the impact it would have on the health service.
Tony O’Brien, head of the HSE, said the executive is carrying out an “independent verification process” before the figures are included in its service plan for 2014.
He said if the savings could not be made through probity — or flushing out dud cases — then cuts will hit other health services.
Fianna Fáil has estimated that about 100,000 medical cards would have to be withdrawn in order to reach the €113m figure.
Mr. O’Brien insisted there would be no change to people’s entitlement or the way medical cards are assessed, as a result of the target.
“Therefore, if that €113m cannot reasonably be achieved through probity measures, then an alternative way of meeting that shortfall will have to be found.”
Sources close to Dr James Reilly said €113m was imposed “from the top down” rather than than from the “bottom up” approach of identifying the waste, and then determining what could be saved from its elimination.
They said that James Reilly was given the figure and told to find the savings within it.
The Irish Examiner can also reveal that the HSE raised concerns 18 months ago about the accuracy of the potential savings in the PWC report. A disclaimer by the report’s authors said the savings were “indicative only and cannot be relied on for any purpose other than providing a broad understanding” of the issue.
A further €25m in health savings will be reached by removing medical cards from 35,000 over-70s. The Irish Senior Citizens Parliament who are organising a protest march next Tuesday against the budget “attacks” on Irish elderly people.
Mr O’Brien also raised concerns about changes to tax reliefs for private health insurance in the budget.
The HSE depends on income provided by private patients in public hospital beds, he said. “If there were to be a significant impact on the number of insured patients, that would have a knock-on impact on the funding of the health servicesnext year,” he said.

HSE West group meets over HIQA report on death of Savita Halappanavar

  

A special board meeting of the HSE West/North West Hospital Group has ended after four hours of talks at Galway University Hospital.

The 12-member board considered the findings and recommendations from three reports following the death of Savita Halappanavar last October.
The findings from the inquest into her death and the recommendations that emerged from the Coroner’s Court were discussed, along with the HSE Clinical Review into the treatment she received and last week’s HIQA report into issues relating to her care at GUH.
The board is not releasing details about decisions made at the meeting until it has communicated with the staff involved tomorrow morning.
It is expected the measures to be taken will then be made public.
Mrs Halappanavar died from an infection caused by sepsis almost a week after she was admitted to hospital on 21 October 2012.
The special board meeting was called following the publication of third report into her care last week.

The master storyteller that was the great cyclist Lance Armstrong

   
To his millions of fans, American cyclist and cancer survivor Lance Armstrong was more than just a great sportsman, he was an inspiration. To the film-maker who documented his spectacular fall from grace, he was a master storyteller. But were his supporters too ready to believe the fairytale?
The story of the charismatic Texan cyclist who recovered from life-threatening cancer and went on to win the Tour de France a record seven successive times was one of the greatest tales in sporting history.
In 2009, Lance Armstrong attempted to write another chapter into the legend by coming out of professional retirement to compete in the Tour again at the age of 37. He granted Oscar-winning filmmaker Alex Gibney rare access to his inner circle to chronicle the comeback.
For Gibney, the experience was akin to being embedded with the military in a warzone.
“When you’re with a group of soldiers in Iraq or Afghanistan you’re going to end up feeling part of their unit,” he told me.
“I don’t think that’s necessarily wrong. The trick is how to come out of that with some broader perspective – but it’s intoxicating while you’re in the middle of it.”
Gibney admits the “them and us” mentality inside Lance Armstrong’s Astana cycling team encouraged a kind of Stockholm syndrome. Anyone who questioned his repeated denials that he had used performance-enhancing drugs came to be viewed as the enemy.
“I did begin to feel that some people on the outside were a bit fanatical about the subject of whether Lance had doped,” he says. “You can’thelp but take on the vibe of the team.”
Through the media and in the courts, Armstrong aggressively pursued critics who continued to question whether he was riding clean. Alex Gibney watched as his subject attempted to maintain control over the powerful and lucrative myth he had constructed.
“I think the truth in the mind of someone who is a master storyteller does become elastic,” he suggests.
“There’s a moment in the film when Lance loses in Verbier to Alberto Contador (on stage 15 of the 2009 Tour de France) and he says to me ‘I’m sorry I screwed up your documentary.’
“I don’t think that was just banter. I think that was Lance’s way of saying ‘you came to me to deliver the fairytale that everyone’s come to believe that I can deliver and I failed. I’m not going to win. I’m not going to be first and I’m sorry.’”
Armstrong behind eventual 2009 Tour winner Alberto Contador
After Armstrong’s 2009 comeback, in which he finished third, the myth began to disintegrate.
  • Tour de France victories: 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 (22 individual stage wins)
  • Battle with cancer: Diagnosed with testicular cancer in 1996. The disease spreads through his body. Launches Lance Armstrong Foundation for Cancer. Declared cancer-free in 1997 after brain surgery and chemotherapy
  • Retirement: Announces he will retire after the 2005 Tour de France. Angered by drug allegations against him, he returns to professional cycling in 2009. He finishes third. His accident-filled 2010 Tour is his last
Former teammates went public with allegations of drug use. The US Anti-Doping Agency accused Armstrong of running the most sophisticated and extensive doping scheme in professional sports history.
He finally came clean in an interview with talk show host Oprah Winfrey last January, in which he admitted taking banned substances and undergoing prohibited blood transfusions during all of his victorious Tour de France campaigns.
In earlier films such as Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room, Taxi to the Dark Side and Mea Maxima Culpa, Alex Gibney has explored the abuse of power by big businesses, the military and the Catholic Church.
In his latest film, it’s Armstrong’s rewriting of his own personal life story, a story that inspired and gave hope to cancer patients around the world, that Gibney finds particularly difficult to accept.
“It’s an abuse of storytelling power,” he says. “He told a story that everyone wanted to believe in too much. He knew how much everybody wanted to believe in it.
“He made the lie so enormous, so all-encompassing, that he couldn’t dial it back. His only choice was to go forward and make it even bigger.” So he carried on cheating, winning Tour after Tour.
Armstrong was engaged to musician Sheryl Crow and travelled by private jet
Stripped of those seven titles, pursued by lawyers seeking to reclaim prize and sponsorship money, Lance Armstrong’s reputation as a sportsman is now in ruins. He has been banned from competitive cycling for life.
Alex Gibney, director of The Armstrong Lie
For Alex Gibney, Lance Armstrong’s epic downfall should serve as a cautionary tale. Even heroes, he argues, need to accept their flaws. “There can be inspirational stories that are messy,” he says.
“Spiderman to me is a more intriguing tale than Superman because you reckon with Peter Parker’s dark past and to some extent his deep-seated anger rather than the pure hero that Superman is.
“When we’re told stories that seem too good to be true we should say to ourselves, ‘Hey, maybe this is too good to be true.’”

Life style changes for humans can save millions from diabetes

  

MILLIONS OF PEOPLE AT RISK OF DEVELOPING DIABETES COULD AVOID THE DISEASE WITH SIMPLE LIFESTYLE CHANGES, SAY RESEARCHERS DIABETES IS PREVENTABLE WITH SIMPLE LIFESTYLE CHANGES.

A major review of scientific evidence concluded that diet and exercise are vital for staving off the illness, which affects 3.8 million people in Britain.
  Combined with stopping smoking and regular checks on blood pressure and glucose levels, Type 2 diabetes can be prevented altogether, the team from the University of Alberta, Canada, said.
Last month, Diabetes UK said losing weight, eating more fruit and vegetables and taking regular exercise is all people need to do to significantly slash their chance of developing Type 2.
It’s particularly important for people who are already at high risk to talk to their GP to make the diet and lifestyle changes that can help

DR MATTHEW HOBBS, DIABETES UK’S HEAD OF RESEARCH

But chief executive Barbara Young said people were not taking the risks seriously and that the country was “sleepwalking towards a public health disaster”.
Dr Matthew Hobbs, the charity’s head of research, said of the findings: “This shows again that it’s particularly important for people who are already at high risk to talk to their GP to make the diet and lifestyle changes that can help.”

Children are drawn to our colourful cigarette packets, A study shows

 

Children find colourful cigarette packets appealing but are repelled by products that have plain packaging.

The Irish Cancer Society studied pupils from third class in Scoil Aonghusa primary school in Tallaght, Dublin, who were shown branded cigarette packs and asked what they thought of them.
“The children found the packs appealing and were particularly positive about the bright colours and rainbow-coloured effects used on some packs,” it found.
“They felt that the pink slimline packs would appeal to young girls. They also liked the ‘fancy writing’ used on the packs.”
The findings are featured on a new video on YouTube from the Irish Cancer Society.
“Young people are a key target market for the tobacco industry, which needs to recruit 50 new smokers a day to replace those who have either died or quit, in order to keep making profits. Most of these new smokers are children.
“Around 80pc of smokers start before the age of 18 and children in Ireland began smoking at an earlier age than in any other country in Europe,” said a spokeswoman.
The children who were shown examples of what plain packaging may look like responded negatively and called them “disgusting and gross”.
“One of the boys remarked that he did not know how people could buy the cigarettes in plain packs. They felt that plain packs show what it (smoking) does to you and were shocked by the images of the health effects of smoking used on the plain packs.”
Health Minister James Reilly has secured the agreement of the Cabinet to introduce standardised packaging for tobacco products in Ireland, and he welcomed the video.

Drought in East Africa dictated how the brain changed the evolution of human intelligence

        

Scientists show shifts from dry to wet and back in East Africa’s Rift Valley caused the development of the human brain

Humans evolved their very large brains in response to the dramatic shifts in the climate of East Africa, the cradle of humanity where man’s ancestors are thought to have originated about two million years ago, a study has suggested.
Scientists have matched exceptionally wet periods and very dry periods in the East African Rift Valley to sudden spurts in the evolution of the hominid ancestors of Homo sapiens, which resulted in the evolution of the modern human brain.
Academics have long argued about what led to the unusually large brain of humans with its capacity for language, abstract thought and consciousness. The latest theory suggests it was triggered by the need to adapt to dramatic changes in the local environment of early man.
“It seems modern humans were born from climate change, as they had to deal with rapid switching from famine to feast – and back again – which drove the appearance of new species with bigger brains and also pushed them out of East Africa into Eurasia and South Africa,” said Professor Mark Maslin of University College London, the co-author of the study published in the on-line journal Plos-One.
The Rift Valley is an extensive geological fault marked by mountains, lakes and fertile valleys. Many of the most important fossil remains of early humans have been unearthed in the region, leading to suggestions that it was the most important place for the early origins of man.
The study looked at climate change over the past 5 million years, where there have been large fluctuations between wet periods where lakes were far higher than they are today and dry periods where sand dunes formed in former lake beds.
The scientists found that there were relatively short periods lasting about 200,000 years when East Africa became very sensitive to the cyclical changes in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun – known as Milankovitch cycles – which lead to global-scale changes to the climate, such as ice ages.
In East Africa, these orbital changes to the Earth led to rapid shifts between very dry and very wet periods of about 20,000 years, when typically the lake valleys repeatedly filled up with freshwater and then dried out several times, forcing the human inhabitants to move north or south.
“Due to these changes in orbit, the climate of East Africa seems to go through extreme oscillations from having huge deep freshwater lakes surrounded by rich, lush vegetation to extremely arid conditions, like today, with sand dunes in the floor of the Rift Valley,” Professor Maslin said.
“These changes resulted in the evolution of a new species with bigger brains, and also forced early humans to disperse out of East Africa,” he said.
The study found that there were three time periods in particular when this kind of climate change corresponded to important stages in human evolution.
The first occurred about 2.6 million years ago when the Rift Valley dwellers were pushed into southern Africa and a new species called Homo habilis emerged. The second happened about 1.9 million years ago when an important species called Homo erectus emerged from Africa to colonise much of Asia, while the third occurred about 1 million years ago when Homo heidelbergensis emerged.
Professor Maslin said that the technique is not accurate enough to deal with the past 150,000 years, when Homo sapiens first evolved, but that it nevertheless could explain the earlier evolutionary transition leading to Homo erectus, which is the first large-brained hominid with truly human-like skeleton showing a distinctive adolescent growth-spurt.
Susanne Shultz of Manchester University, the co-author of the study, said that climate change can be linked directly to the evolution of this important human species at a time when there were several species occupying the same geographic region at about the same time.
“We found that around 1.9 million years ago a number of new species appeared, which we believe is directly related to new ecological conditions in the East African Rift Valley, in particular the appearance of deep freshwater lakes,” Professor Shultz said.
“Among these species was early Homo erectus with a brain 80 per cent bigger than its predecessor,” she added.
The present-day lakes of the Rift Valley are much smaller than they would have been at the height of a wet period. Lake Logipi at the northern end of the Kenyan rift valley, for instance, once occupied the entire Suguta Valley, which is presently littered in sand dunes, and was about 300 metres deeper than it is today.