Pages

Showing posts with label Abuse. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Abuse. Show all posts

Sunday, May 24, 2015

Donie's Ireland daily news BLOG

IAG steps closer to Aer Lingus takeover

Irish government said to have received report from steering committee into proposed £1bn takeover

  
International Airlines Group (IAG), the owner of British Airways, is taking a step closer to its £1bn takeover of Aer Lingus after the Irish government received a report by its steering committee into the deal.
The potential takeover has already been dragging on for five months after IAG initially made its approach, which was accepted by Aer Lingus in January.
However, the deal is entirely conditional on the Irish airline’s two major shareholders, rival Ryanair and the Irish government, agreeing to sell.
The Irish government, which owns a 25% stake, has delayed making a decision for months and set up a dedicated committee to review the arguments round the sale.
The state has now received the report by the expert group, which could pave the way to the Irish government announcing its backing for the deal as soon as the next cabinet meeting on Tuesday, Reuters reported.
Paschal Donohoe, the Irish transport minister, has said that the government would “take great care and exercise great caution in examining the pros and cons to Ireland” of any offer.
Dublin has previously demanded that IAG extend its guarantee to keep Aer Lingus’s 23 Heathrow landing slots focused on Irish routes for ten years.
However, Willie Walsh, IAG chief executive, had told an Irish parliamentary committee that he could not offer more than five years.
The Irish government has also said that routes from Cork and Shannon must be protected. There are also concerns that guarantees could fall foul of the European Commission’s competition directorate.
Mr Walsh said last week that IAG was in “no rush” to complete the deal. “I’m perfectly relaxed about the timing. My board is very happy. Consistently I have said that this is a deal we would like to do,” he said.
Unlike UK takeover rules, there is no time limit for a bidder to make a formal offer. Ryanair has said that it will wait for a formal offer before making a decision but is widely believed to be a willing seller of its Aer Lingus stake.

Fianna Fáil claims Gerry Adams has serious questions to answers

  

Micheál Martin (above picture with Gerry Adams & right pic wih Mairia Cahill) says report directly contradicts Sinn Féin claims that case had no basis

Labour TD for Dublin Mid-West Joanna Tuffy said Mairia Cahill had to “go through the horror of abuse and a crude investigation and cover-up by the IRA. Her decision to highlight her case in public and lead a campaign for justice for her and other victims was inspiring

Micheál Martin said: “It’s time for Gerry Adams and Sinn Féin to own up and come clean on the scale of cover-ups and kangaroo courts.”
The independent review into how sex-abuse cases had been prosecuted in the North of Ireland has raised serious questions for Gerry Adams and the Sinn Féin leadership, Fianna Fáil has said.
Reacting to the review by Sir Keir Starmer of the manner in which the cases has been handled by the prosecution service, party leader Micheál Martin also said the report fully vindicated Belfast woman Maíria Cahill.
“Over 14 findings, the report found unacceptable delays, inadequate communication and insufficient consideration of the sequencing of the cases involved,” he said. “The report vindicates Maíria Cahill, who bravely stood up to ongoing abuse and spin by Sinn Féin.
“Consistent claims by Sinn Féin that the court case had found all suspects not guilty have been given their proper context by this report. The unacceptable delays and weakening of the case led to the withdrawal of the three women from the process.”
He said it directly contradicted Sinn Féin claims that the case had no basis. “I welcome the apology by Barra McGrory, the head of the prosecuting service inNorthern Ireland, in accepting the serious failings that let down these vulnerable women,” Mr Martin added.
Turning to Mr Adams, the Fianna Fáil leader claimed he needed to answer questions about the “cover-up of sexual abuse in the Provisional movement. It’s time for Gerry Adams to own up and come clean on the scale of cover-ups and kangaroo courts.”
The Labour Party also said the findings of the review by Sir Keir, the former DPP forEngland and Wales, justified Ms Cahill’s decision to waive her anonymity and go public about her claims of abuse by a senior member of the IRA.
Labour TD for Dublin Mid-West Joanna Tuffy said Ms Cahill had to “go through the horror of abuse and a crude investigation and cover-up by the IRA. Her decision to highlight her case in public and lead a campaign for justice for her and other victims was inspiring. “In doing so the DPP agreed to review her case, which has backed up her position that there were serious flaws in the legal investigation,” she said.

France bans Supermarket’s wasting good food

  

French supermarkets will no longer be able to destroy or dispose of unused edible food, after the French National Assembly unanimously passed a new amendment to a green energy law yesterday on Thursday last the 21 May.

The amendment to theproposed energy transition to green growth law (due to voted on on 26 May) will require supermarkets over 400 square metres in size to enter into formal agreements with food redistribution charities by July 2016. Any food past its sell by date should also be sent for composting, anaerobic digestion or for use as animal feed – rather than disposal.
Those who do not comply will be liable for penalties including fines of up to €75,000 (£53,000) or two years imprisonment.
It is hoped that the amendment will reduce food waste arisings and prevent supermarkets from destroying edible food. It is reported to be common practice for supermarkets to pour bleach into their bins to destroy the food and prevent its illegal removal, a practice that Guillaume Garot, the former Minister for Food who sponsored the bill in government, called “scandalous”.
As part of the amendment, companies will also be able to contribute to their social and environmental responsibility by providing lessons to school children and smaller businesses on fighting food waste.

Much more to do’ in combating food waste in France

The amendment passed by the National Assembly is the most recent to be added to the bill, as France continues to increase it focus on food waste.
In February, senators voted to add an amendment removing best before dates on non-perishable foods.
However, Garot said that “there remains much to do” following the vote, including the mobilisation of local communities, the training of professionals and consumer awareness.
It is hoped that these actions will help the country achieve the government’s target of halving the nation’s food waste by 2025.
Official figures suggest that the average French person throws away 20-30 kg of food per year, which adds up to a total cost of up to €20 billion to the national economy.
Law focusing on the wrong people?
Although the amendment has been welcomed by many, the French Federation of Commerce and Distribution (FCD), however, has criticised the plan.
Jacques Creyssel, head of the group, said: “The law is wrong in both target and intent.
“The big stores represent only five per cent of food waste but now have these new obligations.
“They are already the pre-eminent food donors, with more than 4,500 stores having signed agreements with aid groups.
“We will meet in emergency meetings to examine the consequences of these provisions.”
In the UK, food redistribution charity FareShare has said that the move is an “interesting development in the debate around food waste”, especially as the “majority of surplus food is further up the supply chain”.
A spokesperson for the charity added: “The French food industry, government and associated charities have already made huge inroads in tapping food further up the supply chain, amongst manufacturers, where the majority of surplus occurs.
“While government intervention can be a positive step in trying to achieve waste minimisation and a fairer system that promotes surplus redistribution in the food industry, we believe that the best results are obtained when food companies realise the potential and the benefits linked to redistribution. In order to successfully divert surplus food from waste, food companies across the whole supply chain must establish processes and systems that anticipate and identify surplus food within their operations and make it available for charities such as FareShare. This approach brings about significant environmental, social and economic benefits.”

A 65-year-old German mother give birth to quads “now has 17 children”

    

Annegret Raunigk, middle picture with Lelia in 2005, has had quadruplets.

A 65-year-old German woman has given birth to quadruplets after undergoing an artificial insemination procedure in Ukraine.

The woman, Annegret Raunigk, already has 13 children.

The quadruplets – three boys and a girl – were born prematurely at 26 weeks in a Berlin hospital but have “good chances of surviving”, according to the entertainment channel RTL, which has negotiated exclusive rights to the woman’s story.
Raunigk lives in Berlin and is an English and Russian teacher who is close to retirement.
In addition to her children, she has seven grandchildren.
RTL said the new arrivals make her the world’s oldest mother of quadruplets. The boys have been named Dries, Bence and Fjonn and the girl Neeta.
Raunigk made headlines 10 years ago when she gave birth to her 13th child, Lelia, at the age of 55.
“At first, I only wanted one child,” she said then. “Not all were planned. But then things happen. I’m not a planner but rather spontaneous. And children keep me young.”
Raunigk again made headlines in April when the German press reported that her latest artificial insemination attempt had resulted in a quadruple pregnancy.
At the time, she said she decided to try to have another child because her youngest daughter, who is 9, wanted a little brother or sister, according to RTL.
The tabloid Bild am Sonntag quoted Raunigk, whose oldest daughter is reportedly 44, recalling that it was “a shock” when the doctors first broke the news to her of a quadruple pregnancy.
“After the doctor discovered there were four, I had to give it some thought to begin with.”
But she did not consider reducing the number of embryos and said she had no reservations about the challenge facing her.
“I’m not actually afraid. I simply assume I’ll remain healthy and fit. In matters of organisation I have enough experience, that’s not new for me,” she told Bild.
Asked about moral doubts, RTL quoted her as asking: “How does one have to be at 65? One must apparently always fit some cliches which I find rather tiring.
“I think one must decide that for oneself.”

Your Facebook updates can reveal a lot more than you think

  

Sharing news on Facebook can drive greater involvement with news and information

(A team of researchers has revealed what Facebook updates say about the users.)
The Brunel University study, which analysed 555 online surveys taken by regular Facebook users, found people with certain personality types like extroversion, openness, narcissism, neuroticism and conscientiousness, updated their walls in specific ways, the Independent reported.
Extroverts were found to post frequently about social events and neurotic personalities, while the ones who are motivated by a need for validation were likelier to post personal status updates. Open individuals were found not to share personal information but instead primarily share updates about events, research, or their political views.
Researchers found that conscientiousness individuals mostly posted about their children, with the studying suggesting perhaps such updates reflect an indirect form of competitive parenting.
Those with low self-esteem frequently posted about their romantic partner but were not as likely as neurotic types to use the network as a means of validation.
The study hypothesised that people are more likely to post relationship-relevant information on Facebook on days when they feel insecure, adding it was reasonable to assume they did so as a way to claim their relationship.
Finally, narcissistic personalities were found to broadcast their diet and exercise routine to express the personal importance they place on physical appearance above the control variables that researchers placed on the study.

Hubbles name of "Nasty Star" coined as nasty lives up to its name

    

Hubble names star Nasty and with a name like that you expect there to be some type of strange story to go along with it. It seems this Nasty is living up to its name!

When the folks monitoring the Hubble Space Telescope name a star “Nasty,” you just know there has to be a good reason for that. Stars are usually considered magical and there’s even songs penned about how they twinkle and make you feel good. These bright spots in the sky have been coupled with happy endings in religious stories, so why name a star Nasty? It appears this twinkling ball of light fits that bill!
According to The Washington Post on May 23, the star nicknamed Nasty by the folks operating the Hubble Telescope has a pancake-shaped disc around it which they believe is one huge disk of gas. Nasty is a Wolf-Rayet star, which is a star that appears as “twin lobes of gas flowing from opposite sides of the star.”
This was explained in a new paper on Nasty published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society last week. This disk is no tiny cloud, as it’s estimated to cover about 3 trillion miles with Nasty smack dab in the middle.
Nasty is a “rapidly aging star,” reports MSN News, and it is also a massive star that is demonstrating a “strange appearance and an unprecedented behavior,” according to the new study.
Wolf-Rayet stars originate as big stars, but their outer layers are soon lost leaving a helium-burning core exposed in space. In Nasty’s case they think that outer layer of gas is cannibalized by a companion star.
That’s what we think is happening in Nasty 1,” explains Jon Mauerhan, of the University of California, Berkeley, who is the lead author in this study. “We think there is a Wolf-Rayet star buried inside the nebula, and we think the nebula is being created by this mass-transfer process. So this type of sloppy stellar cannibalism actually makes Nasty 1 a rather fitting nickname.”
This is the first time a disc is seen surrounding a Wolf-Rayet star making Nasty very unusual. It is young in the scope of the age of other stars, as the experts believe it is only a few thousand years old. As far as the distance Nasty is from Earth, that would be 3,000 light years away.
The cannibalistic star hypothesis is the leading theory when it comes to what is going on with Nasty. Another hypothesis offers the possibility of a stellar wind taking that layer of gas away. Scientists have taken the stellar wind hypothesis and put it to work with a model, which indicated the winds weren’t strong enough to “push it to Wolf-Rayet status,” according to MSN. This leaves the cannibal-like scenario their best theory to go on today. 

Saturday, May 23, 2015

Donie's Ireland daily news BLOG update

Big young people turnout pushes figures upwards over recent referendums

  • Polls shut at 10pm tonight as returning officers in Dublin expect 70% showing in some areas.

  

Polling stations are closed after the referendums and by-election in Ireland on May 22nd, 2015.
Campaigners for same-sex marriage believe the referendum will be carried on the back of the high turnouts in urban centres and massive engagement by younger voters.
Turnout for the same sex-marriage referendum and the referendum to reduce the age eligibility for presidential candidates was higher in urban areas on Friday night, but was generally up on voting in recent referendums across the country.

‘Bated breath’

“It is about how we value and treat the gay community in Ireland. So many human stories and so many families are caught up in this and are waiting with bated breath for the result.”
Just before polls closed, the average turnout across Dublin county was an estimated 65% and 53% in the Dublin city council area. Turnout in Cork city was above 60%.
However, in other areas of the State, initial turnout was in line with recent referendums, or only slightly up.
Kevin Humphreys, Labour TD for Dublin South East and Minister of State at the Department of Social Protection, said turnout was high across working class and middle class areas in his constituency.
Mr Humphreys also said turnout was exceeding levels seen at the last general election in 2011.
Returning officers in Dublin said they expected turnout to inch towards 70% or more in some areas.
In Dublin county, turnout in Skerries stood at 52% at 6pm and was expected to reach as high as 70%. In Brittas, also in Dublin, turnout was at 45% in the early evening.
There was also a high turnout of those on the supplementary register, with 80% of those who added themselves on the register turning out in Killester, Dublin, as of 8pm on Friday.
At 6pm, 65% of those who went on the supplementary register had cast their votes by 6.30pm, with a 50% turnout in the constituency at that time.
At 7pm the turnout across Cork city was above 40%, and rising to 50% in Cork South Central.
Turnout across Galway city was also up on its usual referendum standards and stood at about 35% in the early evening.
Rural areas in east Galway were not as busy, standing at 20% at the same time.
In Mayo, the turnout at 8pm in Castlebar was 46%, 47% in Claremorris, 50% in Westport and 40% in Ballina.
In Limerick city, turnout at 5pm was around 35% and almost 40% in Limerick count at the same time.
In Donegal town the turnout at tea time was 30%, with 28% turning out in Letterkenny at the same time.
Cavan Monaghan also reported an early evening turnout at about 30%, which rose to 35% in towns such as Ballyjamesduff, where there is a Dublin commuter population.
Officials in Tipperary reported turnout at 40% between 5pm and 6pm, a figure they expected to rise substantially before polls closed.
In Laois, the early evening turnout in both rural areas and in towns hovered around 30%.
In Kilkenny city – where voting is also taking place for a by-election – the turnout in some areas was 54% at 7pm.
In Kerry, turnout was also described as brisk and stood at around 30% at 5pm, which was higher than previous referendums.
Turnout across Wexford was at the same levels around teatime, but activity at polling stations was up on other referendums.

Maíria Cahill calls on Sinn Féin to accept report and to apologise and move on

  • Ulster Unionist leader Mike Nesbitt says DPP Barra McGrory should ‘consider his position’
    
Northern Ireland’s Director of Public Prosecutions Barra McGrory apologises to three woman who accused an alleged IRA member of abusing them as children, after a damning report criticised how the prosecution was handled at the Public Prosecution Service offices in Belfast.
Maíria Cahill (above middle pic) has called on Sinn Féin to accept the findings of Sir Keir Starmer QC and to apologise to her.
Ms Cahill said she welcomed and accepted as genuine the apology issued to her by the North’s Director of Public Prosecution Barra McGrory over how the Public Prosecution Service dealt with allegations that as children, she and two other women were sexually abused by an IRA member.
In his damning report, Sir Keir issued 10 recommendations on how such cases might be avoided in the future. Mr McGrory accepted the report in full and said the recommendations would be implemented.
“The apology is welcome but I think what would be more meaningful is that the recommendations are quickly taken on board and implemented,” she said in Belfast after reading the 45-page report.
She also thanked the BBC Spotlightprogramme which broadcast an exposé on how she was allegedly raped by IRA manMartin Morris and how she was allegedly interrogated about her claims by four other members of the IRA.
“For the last seven months [since the BBCSpotlight documentary] I have been repeatedly trailed through the media, my credibility has been called into question, people have said I wasn’t prepared to give evidence in a court of law, that the not guilty verdicts somehow presented some sort of reasoning or attack on my credibility,” she continued. “I think this report completely vindicates my position.”
Badly treated by Sinn Fein?
Ms Cahill also said Sinn Féin had treated her badly since the story broke. She called on Sinn Féin to apologise and accept the report’s findings.
“The most disturbing thing for me in all of this is that the person who caused great hurt and trauma, not just to me but to his other victims, essentially was not prosecuted successfully,” she said.
“And also the other people who caused great hurt by forcing an IRA investigation into it. Had that IRA investigation not happened, we most likely would have been with the police making a criminal complaint long before we did.”
In a statement, Sinn Féin MLA Raymond McCartney said “it is the sole responsibility of the police to investigate reports of crime and it is the responsibility of the PPS to prosecute in cases of abuse.
“At the Assembly’s justice committee we have continually raised the unacceptable and unnecessary delays. We welcome any recommendations that will support victims of abuse through the legal system and ensure justice.
“We will judge the recommendations of the report on how they well they serve victims in the future.”
Ulster Unionist Party leader Mike Nesbitt said Mr McGrory should “consider his position” as DPP in light of the findings. “The buck stops with Barra McGrory and he should consider his position. It is simply not acceptable to try to wash his hands, Pontius Pilate-like, by claiming the case was opened before he took office or that he was not directly involved,” he said.
“He is a very well paid leader whose organisation has failed a victim who has taken terrible abuse for having the courage to publicly take on the IRA, without the support she deserved from the PPS,” Mr Nesbitt added.
Challenge anyone on abuse:
He said it was now essential that the Police Ombudsman Dr Michael Maguire published his review into the conduct of the police in the case.
West Belfast Assembly member Alex Attwood said the Starmer report was a “full vindication” for Ms Cahill.
“Maíria Cahill has demonstrated again and again that she will challenge anyone and any organisation when it comes to the truth of abuse,” he said.
“She does so on her own behalf. She also does so on behalf of other victims to ensure their voices are heard, their terrible experiences acknowledged and that accountability prevails.”
Traditional Unionist Voice party leader Jim Allister QC said: “As the politician who met with Barra McGrory QC and urged him to bring in an external investigator in regard to the PPS handling of the Maíria Cahill cases, I welcome the publication of the Starmer report.”

Retired GPs asked to join under-sixes scheme as they faces court challenge’s

  
Contracts have also been sent to GPs who do not have formal garda clearance to treat children and who exclusively treat patients with drug addiction problems. 
Retired family doctors are being asked to join the scheme offering free GP visits to children under six.
Contracts have also been sent to GPs who do not have formal Garda clearance to treat children and who exclusively treat patients with drug addiction problems.
The move comes amid ongoing resistance from hundreds of GPs to signing up to the July 1 scheme. Some GPs have described it as “morally wrong”.
A High Court action challenging the under-sixes contract is due to be lodged today by the National Association of General Practitioners (NAGP).
The legal test relates to the rule that GPs with existing patients under six who have a medical card or GP card will lose these contracts if they do not sign up to the free visits scheme by next week.
A spokesperson for the Health Service Executive (HSE) said it could not provide figures for how many doctors had signed up so far.
However, she confirmed that in addition to doctors with existing medical card patients, the HSE had written to GPs who had other health sector contracts. It is understood these would include contracts to treat drug abusers.
A small number of doctors who have retired from the medical card scheme have been written to as they are still on the medical register. It is a matter for each individual GP to decide whether to take up the contract.
Meanwhile, Dr Andrew Mannion of the Donegal Medical Centre said all GPs in Donegal town were signing the contracts “under duress”.
He said: “We feel compelled to sign the new contract as the HSE has threatened that if we do not, they will remove all our existing under-six medical card patients from our practices and assign them to a practice that has signed the new contract.”
The doctors argue that this would lead to “untold hardship and uncertainty for our patients”, who may have to travel a considerable distance to see a GP.
“It would lead to breakdown of the doctor-patient relationship that we have and break the continuity of care that we have traditionally provided as GPs,” Dr Mannion said.
“We believe that the new contract is morally wrong. We believe that scarce resources should be provided to patients with the greatest medical and financial needs.
“We believe for example that none of our patients would like to see a healthy under-six child receive a medical card whilst a chronically ill eight-year-old does not.”
He added that they want the Government to focus on helping the most vulnerable children.

Heart rate can indicate risk of diabetes, finds large-scale study

   

Faster resting heart rates are associated with increased risk of developing diabetes, finds study published in International Journal of Epidemiology. 

Heart rate monitor: ‘Each additional 10 beats per minute was associated with 23% increased risk of diabetes,’ said Dr Xiang Gao. Photograph: David Sillitoe
Measuring heart rate could help identify people at risk of diabetes, research has shown.
Scientists found that faster resting heart rates were associated with an increased risk of developing the disease.
More heart beats per minute were also linked to poorer fasting blood sugar levels.
US researcher Dr Xiang Gao, from Pennsylvania state university, said: “We found participants with faster heart rates, suggesting lower automatic function, had increased risk of diabetes, pre-diabetes and conversion from pre-diabetes to diabetes.
“Each additional 10 beats per minute was associated with 23% increased risk of diabetes, similar to the effects of a 3kg-per-sq-m increase in body mass index (BMI).”
The four-year study, published in the International Journal of Epidemiology, recruited a total of 73,357 Chinese adults. Their results were combined with data from seven previous studies involving almost 100,000 men and women.
“We found a similar association – individuals with fast heart rate had 59% increased risk of diabetes relative to those with slow heart rate,” said Dr Gao.
During the four-year follow-up period, the scientists identified 17,463 pre-diabetic cases and 4,649 diabetes cases.
All the study participants were employees of the Kailuan Coal Co, Ltd, a coal mining company in China. For this reason, they could not be viewed as representative of the general population, said the researchers.
However, combining the findings with those from other individuals with different social and cultural backgrounds revealed a similar association between heart rate and diabetes risk.

Owners of iOS 9 should play nice with Older iPhones & iPads

  

Good news for those of you with older iPhones. Apple’s next-gen mobile OS will reportedly support your aging smartphone.

According to 9to5Mac, which cited multiple sources familiar with Apple’s plans, iOS 9 is being developed to work with devices like the iPhone 4s and original iPad mini.
“In order to avoid the sluggishness and bugginess that was most notably seen in iOS 7 for the iPhone 4, Apple has restructured its software engineering process to better support older hardware,” 9to5Mac said.
Cupertino is building a “core version” of iOS 9 that will work on devices with Apple’s older A5 processor, the blog said. Then, it will enable other features that might only work on newer gadgets.
Apple’s iOS 8 is technically compatible with older devices, but it’s not an ideal experience on gadgets like iPhone 4s.
As 9to5Mac notes, the move might surprise some Apple-watchers, who likely assumed that Cupertino wanted its customers to upgrade to newer, pricier iPhones rather than updating old phones to iOS 9. That might be the case, of course, but not everyone can afford a new iPhone (and this lets Apple poke fun at Android fragmentation even more).
The report comes several months after 9to5Mac reported that iOS 9 would focus more on stability than shiny new features. That’s still true, it said today, though we’ll probably see a few tweaks, from transit info on Apple Maps and new fonts to a Home app for HomeKit devices andsplit screens on the iPad.
One thing enthusiasts might not like: a new security feature, dubbed Rootless, which “will prevent even administrative-level users from being able to access certain protected files on Apple devices,” 9to5Mac said—a potential blow to iPhone jailbreakers.
Expect more details about iOS 9 and Mac OS X at next month’s WWDC, which kicks off June 8 in San Francisco.

An octopus can ‘see’ using its skin

Ability may help octopuses change colour to camouflage themselves

   

A blindfolded octopus isn’t blind.

The researchers experimented on skin samples from the California two-spot octopus, like this hatchling. (University of California Santa Barbara)
That’s because octopuses can detect changes in brightness with an organ that’s not typically linked to a sense of sight — their skin, U.S. researchers have found.
“Octopus skin can sense light by itself. It doesn’t need the eyes to be able to sense light,” said Desmond Ramirez, lead author of a new study describing the phenomenon, in a video statement.
The study was published in the Journal of Experimental Biology.
A summary of the paper:
Ramirez, a PhD student, and co-author Todd Oakley, a professor in the Department of Ecology Evolution and Marine Biology at the University of California Santa Barbara, don’t think that the skin of an octopus can detect details like contrast and the edges of objects the way eyes can.
But their ability to detect light may help explain how octopuses are so good at changing the colour of their skin to camouflage with rocks, sand or other surroundings.
No brain required?
The researchers didn’t test living octopuses, just samples of their skin. When they exposed the skin samples to light, pigmented spots on the skin called chromatophores expanded, making the skin look darker. The response happened without any help from the eyes or brain.
When they exposed the octopus skin samples to light, pigmented spots on the skin called chromatophores expanded, making the skin look darker. (University of California Santa Barbara/Journal of Experimental Biology)
Further research suggested how the chromatophores could respond to light — they contain light-sensitive proteins called opsins. Opsins are the same light-sensitive proteins found in the octopus’s eyes and used in regular vision.
“It looks like the existing cellular mechanism for light detection in octopus eyes, which has been around for quite some time, has been co-opted for light sensing in the animal’s skin,” Oakley said in a statement.
While the researchers think the skin’s light-sensing abilities may help an octopus camouflage with its environment, they don’t yet know how exactly how those abilities are used in a living animal, Oakley told CBC News in an email.
“So we don’t know how it is used in camouflage.”
Octopuses belong to a scientific group called mollusks that include animals such as clams, snails and chitons. Many of those other kinds of mollusks were already known to sense light with their skin and respond by doing things like moving toward or away from it, but not by changing their colour.