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Showing posts with label Ice melting. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Ice melting. Show all posts

Tuesday, March 24, 2015

Donie's Ireland daily news BLOG Monday

Monday 23rd. March 2015.

Lucinda Creighton calls for inquiry into Phil Hogan’s meetings with Bord Gáis

Lack of documentation about set-up of Irish Water ‘appalling’ and ‘unacceptable’

                                                         

Renua Ireland leader Lucinda Creighton said the idea that you could have discussions about all aspects of the establishment of a major utility, yet have no notes of those meetings, was “just not credible”.

Lucinda Creighton is seeking a formal inquiry into the lack of full documentation of meetings between then minister for the environment Phil Hogan and Bord Gáis Éireann chairwoman Rose Hynes about the establishment of Irish Water.
The Renua Ireland leader said an inquiry should be conducted by the Oireachtas environment committee into what she described as “appalling” and “unacceptable” practice.
She said the idea that you could have a general discussion about all aspects of the establishment of a major utility, including issues such as staffing levels, water metering, 12-year agreements with local authorities, yet have no notes of those meetings, was “just not credible”.
Ms. Creighton’s comments this week follow the revelations that no records were kept of meetings in October and November 2012 at Mr Hogan’s Leinster House office at a time when significant issues about Irish Water’s establishment were being decided.
During Irish Water’s first six months, April to September 2012, 23 meetings took place between Bord Gáis and the department, but only 10 were minuted. There were four meetings between Mr Hogan and Bord Gáis officials, two of them with Ms Hynes.
Bord Gáis said it was customary for such meetings to take place without recording what was discussed.
A Department of Environment spokesman said that “as officials were not present at the meetings the agendas or reports of the meetings are not generally available and therefore are a matter for those present”.

Leo Varadkar plans to bring in new organ donor law

  

At the launch of Organ Donor Awareness Week, Minister for Health Leo Varadkar revealed that he is planning to introduce new legislation to allow people to opt out of organ donation rather than opt in.

Mr Varadkar was launching the Organ Donor Awareness Week campaign at the Mansion House on Monday afternoon with ambassador Mary Kennedy.
The Minister announced he would be putting forward legislation aimed at changing the way organ donation happens in this country. Mr Varadkar also admitted that until Monday, he didn’t have an organ donation card.
“The heads of the human tissue bill will be introduced before the end of this year. I see a time when organ donation becomes the norm when people pass away,” he said.
The Irish Kidney Association hopes to encourage more organ donations through the campaign, which runs from 28 March to 4 April.
It comes as the 30th anniversary of heart transplantation at the Mater Hospital in Dublin approaches, along with the 10th anniversary of lung transplantation in Ireland.
Last year, there was a drop in the number of organ donations with 63 deceased donors, in comparison to 86 in 2013. In 2014, 251 people were given organ donations, down from 294 in 2013.
More than 700 people in Ireland are currently awaiting heart, lung, liver, kidney and pancreas transplants, while more than 3,000 people in the country have received organ donations.
Chief executive of the Irish Kidney Association, Mark Murphy, said that greater cross-border co-operation is needed to save more lives.
He said Dr Tim Brown from Belfast City Hospital carries out transplant operations in Dublin during his holidays.
Mr Murphy added that the primary focus for the Irish Kidney Association was now to increase awareness.
“Talk to your family and let them know what your organ donation preferences are,” he said. “The Organ Procurement Service’s transition period gives us hope in future years that the organ donor rates for Ireland will be far better than they are now. The commencement of an audit of organ donor activity inside the country’s intensive care facilities is essential.”

Stroke vigilance urged as data shows women more at risk

42% more women than men died of stroke in Ireland in 2013, CSO figures show

  

Website of the Irish Heart Foundation. The foundation says the main reason more women die from stroke is that they live longer than men, resulting in a greater likelihood of being affected by the disease.

The Irish Heart Foundation is urging women to be extra vigilant of the warning signs of stroke ahead of National Stroke Week.
Provisional figures released by the Central Statistics Office showed 42 per cent more women than men died of stroke in Ireland during 2013.
In total 1,174 women died in 2013 out of a national total of 2,001 stroke-related deaths.
According to the foundation, the main reason more women die from stroke is that they live longer than men, resulting in a greater likelihood of being affected by the disease.
Atrial fibrillation
Other factors are also at play such as the higher risk of stroke in women with atrial fibrillation than men with the same condition.
Atrial fibrillation is the most common form of cardiac arrhythmia or irregular heartbeat and is associated with strokes that are more severe and more likely to be fatal.
In Counties such as Carlow, Clare, Offaly, Monaghan, Roscommon and Sligo, the difference was even higher, with stroke-related mortality among women close to or exceeding double the rates of men.
In Laois the rate was almost three times higher.
Kilkenny and Leitrim were the only two counties that had higher mortality among men.
Irish Heart Foundation head of advocacy Chris Macey said stroke is Ireland’s third biggest killer disease.
Call ambulance
He said people should be aware of the symptoms and understand that the only response when the condition strikes is to call an ambulance immediately.
Mr Macey said stroke kills almost twice as many women as breast cancer in Ireland and called on women to be aware of the “FAST” warning signs.

The FAST acronym stands for: Face – has the person’s face fallen on one side?

Arms: can they raise both arms and keep them there? Speech: is their speech slurred? Time: time to call 999 if you see any one of these signs.
Lifestyle changes such as drinking in moderation, not smoking, being more active and improving diet can have a dramatic impact on lowering stroke risk.
The foundation said it is estimated 40% of strokes could be prevented through better control of blood pressure.

Mother told she has weeks to live urges others to get simple blood test

    

A woman in her 50s who was diagnosed with terminal ovarian cancer has urged women from their 20s upwards to get a simple blood test, which can diagnose the potential killer disease.

The mother of two Anne Herlihy (pictured above) described the disease as a “sneaky killer”, as she has never been in physical pain and never believed her symptoms, which masqueraded as minor ailments, were anything else.
“If I had only understood that bloating and fatigue, indigestion, nausea, bladder urgency, change in bowel habits, and the feeling of fullness, was something to do with ovarian cancer, I would definitely have pushed it with my GP,” explained Anne, from Charleville, Co Cork.
“I was diagnosed last December with stage four terminal ovarian cancer. I was told I had had it for at least one and a half years before the symptoms really made me go to a doctor.”
Despite living in the shadow of her declining health, Anne spoke out publicly to raise awareness among other women.
“Women lead such busy lives between rearing a family, working (and) working within the home, that they tend to put the symptoms down to minor things and don’t go to the GP.”
“When they do go to the GP it is sometimes wrongly diagnosed, or the proper tests are not taken. At the moment there is no screening to help prevent ovarian cancer but there is a blood test that can be done in your GP called a CA125,” she told the Limerick Today talk show on alive 95FM today.
Anne initially underwent a colonoscopy, but because the cancer was hidden, the results came back all clear. After becoming more and more bloated she was admitted to hospital where doctors told her she had ovarian cancer, and that it had spread to her lungs and her chest cavity.
“It was like being hit by a truck both for my husband and for myself, and it was the thoughts of having to come home and tell my family was the most difficult part,” Anne said as she fought back tears. Anne has two adult children.
“I’m 52. Ovarian cancer doesn’t discriminate (between ages). It’s usually for women in the over 60/70 age group but I’m on an online forum where women (aged in their 20s) have been diagnosed with ovarian cancer. That seems to be the problem – there isn’t awareness of the symptoms.
Anne, who was given around 12 weeks to live last December, said she is unsure how long she has left to live. She has recently finished a bout of chemotherapy and is receiving a cancer maintenance drug.
“Women have to push for these tests, and hopefully (my story) will save somebody’s life…That’s basically what I have to say today; If women push for tests, I might be lucky, it might save a life.”

White tea and its anti-cancer benefits

  

Few of us can get through the day without sipping on a comforting hot drink at some point. It’s relaxing, rehydrates and can stave off cravings for unhealthy snacks. But if you’re in a tea-shaped rut, it could be time to mix things up a bit with white tea.

There are four main types of white tea: Silver Needle, White Peony, Long Life Eyebrow and Tribute Eyebrow. Head to your local health shop and ask for assistance if you want a bit of help choosing the one for you. But just what makes this drink so great?
Antioxidants
While black and green tea are great, white tea is the least processed, meaning you’ll reap even more rewards for drinking it. It’s packed with antioxidants, which fight free radicals and are particularly necessary if you live in a polluted area, such as a big city.
Health benefits
White tea can claim some pretty amazing things, one of them being that it could help prevent cancer. That’s thanks to the flavonoids, which have been proven to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. White tea can also thin the blood and lower blood pressure, help lower cholesterol, protect the heart and strengthen your bones. Not bad for a brew!
A sparkling smile
White tea contains some fluoride, which is great for your general oral health and keeping teeth and gums in top condition. It also kills bacteria that cause bad breath and decay.
Glowing skin
Forget slapping on products, real beauty comes from the inside. If you drink white tea, you should notice a brightening of your complexion thanks to its free radical fighting power. The effects of sun damage, a poor diet and stress can all be partially reversed by consuming white tea.
The taste
Not everyone likes the taste of herbal or green tea, but white tea tastes naturally sweet and is much more enjoyable for many people. In addition to this, it’s low in caffeine – brilliant if you’re sensitive to it or just want to try and cut down.

Calls for global action as Arctic sea ice hits record low

  Glacier retreat is being measured by scientists.

Glaciers are melting faster than previously recorded, scientists say.

The Arctic sea ice cover recorded this year is the lowest since satellite records began, scientists say, prompting renewed calls for action and stark warnings on the impact of the warming Arctic on global sea levels.
The annual ‘maximum extent’ of ice covering in the Arctic marks the beginning of the sea ice melt season and is used by scientists to calculate the level of cover.
Science Correspondent Alok Jha has been to the northernmost city in the Arctic, where scientists have been measuring glacial retreat and reporting worrying findings on the state of the climate that they are hoping global leaders will heed.
This year’s findings, released in the past week, from the National Snow and Ice Data Centre (NSIDC), rang alarm bells with scientists across the globe.
On February 25, 2015, Arctic sea ice extent appeared to have reached its annual maximum extent, marking the beginning of the sea ice melt season. This year’s maximum extent not only occurred early; it is also the lowest in the satellite record. However, a late season surge in ice growth is still possible.
Professor Doug Benn, a Glaciologist from the St Andrew’s University in Scotland who is currently working at the University of Svalbard, has been studying the Tunabreen glacier in Svalbard.
He told ITV News there are strong indications the scale of glacier retreat – which began centuries ago – has accelerated greatly recently.
The initial retreat seems to be mainly from natural causes, as the earth warmed at the end of what is called little ice age, but human activity has taken over as the main driver of warming in the Arctic now.
Professor Benn explained one of the focuses his study was on the “carving” of ice – the process by which large icebergs fall from glaciers into the sea – as this process transfers ice a lot quicker from land to sea. This in turn impacts sea levels, causing them to rise.
Professor Adrian Luckman, also from the University of Svalbald, explained part of the reason for the glacial melt was warmer temperatures in the ocean. He said the rate of retreat of the glaciers was increasing all over the Arctic as well as the Antarctica.
Dr Kim Holmen, Director of the Norwegian Polar Institute, described how the melting of the glaciers was having a negative effect on the entire climate system.
Speaking from Longyearben he said the melted glaciers were changing the life of the animals, plants and birds that rely on the area to survive.
He warned of the global impact that the changes being observed in the Arctic, and said it was clearly past time for humans to act to mitigate the impact of their actions.
We see change today and we see obvious traces of human impact on climate…it is of importance to do something now. Changes will be coming regardless of what we do but we must do something to minimise the influence of human and climates.
The melting of glaciers is the single biggest contributor to rising sea levels, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration(NOAA) says.
Sea levels have been rising steadily since the 1970s due to a combination of ocean thermal expansion – a term used to describe the increase in volume and decrease in density of the ocean as the result of the increased temperature of the water – and the increased water caused from the melting of glaciers and ice sheets.
Glacier retreat is being measured by scientists.
A video made by the University Centre in Svalbard shows the rate of shrinkage recorded from May to November in 2014.
The impact of the current rises are being felt across the UK – and the Met Office is warning that by 2030 a rise of between 11- 16 cm is likely.In February last year, the Met Office warned:
With the warming we are already committed to over the next few decades, a further overall 11-16cm of sea level rise is likely by 2030, relative to 1990, of which at least two – thirds will be due to the effects of climate change.
We are very confident that sea level will continue to rise over coming decades as the planet continues to warm, and these numbers represent our current best estimate for the UK.
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Thursday, February 12, 2015

Donie's Ireland daily news BLOG update

Syriza member says the rise of Sinn Féin’s ‘is the best help’ for Greek government.

    

Senator David Cullinane says their party wants to lead anti-austerity government in south

The rise of Sinn Féin in opinion polls in Ireland and a similar surge of support for Podemos in Spain is “the best help” that can be given to the newly-elected Syriza government in Greece, a leading member of Syriza said tonight.
Speaking at a Sinn Féin meeting in the House of Commons, Stathis Kouvelakis said: “This shows that the political landscape can change dramatically; that Greece is not an anomaly; that what happened in Greece can happen elsewhere.”
Tens of thousands of Greeks have gathered at rallies throughout the country in support of the “perfectly reasonable” demands made by the Greek minister for finance Yanis Varoufakis at today’s meetings with his EU counterparts in Brussels.
Meanwhile, Waterford-based Sinn Féin senator David Cullinane said that Sinn Féin, unlike some people involved in the anti-austerity movement in Ireland, is preparing to be part of the next government.“We are on an election footing. The very clear message that we are articulating very clearly is that we are prepared for government. We are going to stand the maximum number of candidates that we can possibly stand to take advantage of our increasing popularity.
“We have to be prepared to want to go into government, to lead an anti-austerity government in the south. There are people on the left who won’t be part of that, but we are certainly organising,” he told the meeting.
Criticising Minister for Finance Michael Noonan’s refusal to support Greek calls for a debt conference, Mr Cullinane said: “It is crazy that a country which was forced to put into place a banking guarantee that signed us up to billions [in] debt is afraid to agree to a debt conference.
“[Ireland] has not even asked for a debt write-down. If they are not prepared to show solidarity with their own citizens, I don’t see Irish government showing solidarity with the Greeks.”
Meanwhile, Sinn Féin MP for Newry and Armagh Conor Murphy rejected a call that Sinn Féin should take up its seats in the House of Commons after the May election in a bid to ensure that the Conservatives are denied power.
Mr Murphy said: “We stand on the mandate of not taking our seats.”

A lot of Irish banks were concerned about the weakness & poor scrutiny in their sector

Some two and a half years before the actual collapse?

  

Professor John FitzGerald pictured above left who gave evidence before the Oireachtas Banking Inquiry yesterday.

Irish banks were concerned about the poor scrutiny of their own sector a full two and a half years before the collapse, the Banking Inquiry has been told.
AIB got in touch with Prof John FitzGerald who was a research professor at the ESRI in early 2006 because of these concerns, he said.
A senior bank economist phoned him and “my understanding was they felt the stress-testing was not stressful enough – kind of ironic,” he added.
He described how he met with the senior economist and another staff member and he believed their approach was coming from “a more senior level than the economists” and it had “first primed me to be concerned in this area.”
Prof Fitzgerald said he had explained to the bankers that the ESRI had already put together a series of macro-economic scenarios on CD which were publicly available and he referred them to this.
He told Fianna Fail deputy Michael McGrath he was subsequently approached by Ulster Bank and PTSB for a similar assessment.
On foot of these concerned he approached the Central Bank by email in 2007 saying he wanted to talk to them about it but despite emails over several months  “for various reasons” the meeting never happened.
Of the ESRI he added “clearly we had put out our warnings. Nobody in the political system seemed to be interested.
“My impression was that people weren’t interested in taking the punch bowl away.”
“What we do know is that the Regulator and the Central Bank were asleep on the job and did nothing,” he said.
He took responsibility for not examining bank data before the “catastrophic” collapse of the financial sector at the end of 2008.
“It is regrettable” he added. “Not seeing the unsound nature of the banking sector and it was a bad mistake”
“I made a mistake.  I thought that at that stages house prices had turned the corner, they were coming down gradually and I thought the odds were that we would reach a soft landing.  I was completely wrong.”
He felt if the ESRI had properly scrutinised the balance sheets they would have detected a problem.
Referring to the property bubble as  a “tumour which grew and grew and squeezed the rest of the economy” he said the number of houses being built was running ahead of the population and this had led to the bubble.
At the time, however, “the people of Ireland did not want to change. The information was out there. You couldn’t miss what we were saying” but people went ahead and bought houses and the government behaved as if there was no tomorrow.
On the Bank Guarantee while it was not something he had researched “we now know it was the wrong decision”.
He described it as “not the best outcome for Ireland but  something had to be done”.
No-one from the Department of Finance had consulted him personally or the ESRI about the guarantee. Relations with the department were “frosty’ at the time, he added.
Prof FitzGerald’s view of Nama was: “I think it has done a pretty good job.  It looks as if the State, instead of losing money, is going to get it back.  I think it has helped in terms  of the recovery and sorting out the problem.
He also said concerns about Nama had “turned out to be totally wrong”.
The bailout was something “we have got broadly right” in that Ireland, unlike Spain had “under-promised and over-delivered”
He stressed that when it became clear that €64billion was needed by the banks “a bailout became essential”.
Luckily interest rates were so low “the burden of the debt has turned out tho be much lower than anticipated.”
His assessment of the current situation is that “we are in a structured surplus” and “we do not need further cuts”
He was concerned that there was a need to improve the method of assessing fiscal policy to provide better guidance in the future.
Asked by Sen Susan O’Keeffe if he had every considered resigning when the financial crisis hit he responded: “No I felt I had done a reasonable job over the previous 30 years I looked at the fact that nobody else had done a better job.”

IAG’s Willie Walsh to meet Minister Donohoe to discuss Aer Lingus bid

  

Pascal Donohoe says Government will weigh proposed offer on price and international access?

Willie Walsh, chief executive officer of International Consolidated Airlines Group is to discuss his Aer Lingus bid with Minister for Transport Paschal Donohoe.
International Consolidated Airlines’ Group (IAG) chief executive Willie Walsh will discuss his company’s €1.36 billion bid for Aer Lingus with the Minister for Transport,Paschal Donohoe, on Wednesday.
Mr Walsh will be spending the next two days bidding to convince the Government and Oireachtas members to support IAG’s proposed €2.55 a-share offer for the Irish airline.
The Government holds a 25.1% stake in the business on behalf of the State, while the Dáil has approve any sale of that interest.
Mr Donohoe confirmed earlier that he is meeting Mr Walsh on Wednesday afternoon.
The minister has already said that the Government will not only consider the price on offer, but also the implications of a takeover for the Republic’s access to international markets.
He stressed that the coalition would evaluate IAG’s proposed bid on the basis of those criteria and all the information available to it.
IAG is offering the Government and business groups a legally-binding veto over the sale of the airline’s landing and take-off rights at Heathrow Airport, which are seen as critical to international access.
It is also willing to guarantee that they will be used exclusively to service Irish routes for five years.

13% of Irish internet users have suffered some online fraud. "40% have received Email's"

  

Nearly a third of Irish respondents have discovered malicious software on their device.

An estimated 40% of Irish internet users have received emails or phone calls trying to get access to their computer or personal details such as banking information, according to a Eurobarometer survey.

More than 1,000 people were interviewed in Ireland for the survey on cyber security.

Nearly a third of Irish respondents said they have discovered malicious software on their device, but just over half of them have installed anti-virus software. This compares with an EU average of 61% who have taken this precaution.
The survey found 13% of Irish Internet users have experienced online fraud where goods purchases were not delivered, counterfeit or not as advertised, a little above the EU average of 12%. Experience of online fraud was highest in Poland (19%) and lowest in Greece (4%).
Some 9 per cent of Irish Internet users say that they have experienced or been a victim of identity theft, above the EU average of 7%. Experience of identity theft was highest in Romania and Hungary (both 11%) and lowest in Bulgaria and the Netherlands (both 3%).
Sixteen per cent of Irish respondents – the third highest in the EU – said they have had experience of their social media or email account being hacked.
While internet access in Ireland has never been higher at 80 per cent, we are still behind Sweden (96%) the Netherlands (95%) and Denmark (94%).
Greece, Portugal and Romania had the lowest rates of internet access in Europe.
The overall EU-wide survey saw more than 27,000 people interviewed on the topic of cyber security, with the majority of respondents concerned their personal information is not being kept secure by public authorities and websites.
A total of 67% said they worried about information not being safely held by public authorities, while 73% said they were concerned over website security.
Approximately two in three Internet users in the EU said they were concerned about experiencing identity theft (68%) and about discovering malicious software on their device (66%).
More than half are concerned about being the victim of bank card or online banking fraud (63%); having their social media or email account hacked (60%); scam emails or phone calls (57%) or online fraud (56%).
EU Commissioner for Migration, Home Affairs and Citizenship, Dimitris Avramopoulos, said cybercrime undermines consumer confidence in the use of Internet, hampering both our digital economy and our online lives.
“Our priority is to create a safer Internet for all users by preventing and combating cybercrime in all its forms, to enable users to reap the full benefits of the digital internal market and to exercise their fundamental rights online,” he added.
The figures come as EU officials call on internet telecommunication companies to share encryption keys with EU authorities as part of a wider crackdown on terrorism.

A new procedure in stroke treatment is a ‘major breakthrough’

   

A new stroke treatment has been shown to be so effective that Canadian researchers say they believe it will be used as part of standard stroke care.

The results of a new study, led by scientists at the University of Calgary’s Hotchkiss Brain Institute and published online Wednesday in the New England Journal of Medicine, found a clot-retrieval procedure, called endovascular treatment, significantly decreased the incidence of disability or death among those who experienced acute ischemic stroke.

The treatment, which involves removing blood clots in the brain with a retrievable stent, also nearly doubled the percentage of patients who experienced positive outcomes from 30% to 55%.

“That’s a massive jump with people going home, people going back to work, people being independent, people not having to live in nursing homes,” says the study’s co-principal investigator Dr. Mayank Goyal, a professor of radiology and clinical neurosciences at the University of Calgary’s Cumming School of Medicine. “It’s a major, major breakthrough in the disease.”
Dr. Rick Swartz, a study collaborator, medical director of the stroke program at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and an acting spokesman for The Heart and Stroke Foundation, says he thinks “Canada will be one of the first countries in the world to incorporate this treatment into our best practice guidelines.”
Best practices for stroke care are developed by stroke experts across the country with funding from the foundation, which was one of the sponsors of the study.
The Canadian sites involved in the study, which already have the equipment and expertise, can begin using the procedure immediately, Dr. Goyal says.
In severe cases of ischemic stroke, blood clots block larger arteries at the base of the brain. Until now, the standard treatment has been to give patients a clot buster drug, known as tPA or tissue plasminogen activator, which dissolves clots and restores blood flow. For larger clots, this can be time-consuming – and in stroke care, “time is brain.” For every minute the brain is starved of fresh oxygenated blood, it’s believed about two million neurons die.
Though endovascular treatments have been evolving for two decades, the latest generation of stent retrievers are game-changers. Medical teams involved in the study – conducted at 11 sites across Canada and another 11 around the world, including the United States, Britain, Ireland and South Korea – were able to identify the blood clots and their location in the brain using advanced imaging, and then quickly extract them using stent retrievers, in some cases, within minutes.
The Canadian study, which involved 316 patients, is the first to show a decline in patient mortality: to one in 10 patients, compared with two in 10 patients when current standard treatment was used alone.
Because the results demonstrated an “overwhelming effect” during an interim analysis, the study was stopped early, Dr. Goyal says.
It closely follows a previous study showing beneficial patient outcomes from endovascular treatment, conducted in the Netherlands and published online in the New England Journal of Medicine in December, and a separate study published Wednesday by Australian researchers that also demonstrated positive results.
Performed under X-ray guidance using injectable dyes, the procedure involves inserting a thin tube into the artery in the groin area, then threading a thinner tube, about two to three millimetres in diameter, into the neck. From there, an even thinner tube, about one millimetre in diameter, is guided into the brain to the site of the clot. A retrievable stent, which looks like a tiny mesh coil attached to the tip of a wire, is then routed through the tube and captures the blood clot, collapsing as it is pulled back out.
Dr. Goyal credits the success of the treatment, in part, to the speed at which participating medical teams were able to identify patients for whom endovascular treatment was appropriate and then carry out the procedure. The goal for getting from “picture to puncture” – imaging the brain, moving the patient and inserting the tube – was a median time of 60 minutes or less.
Not everyone who experiences ischemic stroke will fit the criteria for endovascular treatment, however. The treatment is for those who experience a moderate to severe stroke, whose symptoms are recent, and whose brain images show a large clot in an artery. The imaging must also show that some blood is able to detour around the blockage, buying doctors enough time for them to carry out the procedure.
Endovascular treatment does have some risks, including a very low risk of infection and bruising, as well as the risk of scraping or pushing the blood clot along the blood vessels, Dr. Swartz says. But, he says, “we know that people who get the procedure are doing much, much better than the people who don’t. So even with those risks, the outcomes are better.”

Did giant reservoirs of CO2 locked in the oceans end the last ice age?

    

Scientists have discovered that oceans spewing carbon dioxide played a big part in warming up our planet tens of thousands of years ago.

Arrogant species that we are, humans tend to think global warming is a very man-made problem. But the natural world is equally capable of spewing huge amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere all by itself, as new research into the end of the last ice age recently revealed.

How was the CO2 released?

It issued forth from the briny deeps… specifically the briny deeps of the Southern Ocean.
The study shows how a vast isolated reservoir of carbon stored deep in the cold waters off the Antarctic managed to re-connect with the atmosphere.
The sudden change in CO2 levels in the atmosphere stoked an increase in global temperatures, marking the end of the last ice age.

How important is this discovery?

Scientists say this gives an important insight into how the oceans affect the carbon cycle. Joint lead author Miguel Martínez-Botí, from the University of Southampton, said: “The magnitude and rapidity of the swings in atmospheric CO2 across the ice age cycles suggests that changes in ocean carbon storage are important drivers of natural atmospheric CO2 variations.”
As humanity tries to get its head around climate change, this kind of knowledge could prove essential. It is estimated that the oceans have soaked up around 30% of the CO2 that our cars, planes and factories have been spewing out over the last 100 years.

How does this carbon-ocean relationship work then?

CO2 levels in the atmosphere fluctuate from about 185 parts-per-million (ppm) during ice ages, to around 280 ppm during warmer “interglacial” periods like today.
The oceans currently contain approximately 60 times more carbon than the atmosphere, but that carbon can exchange rapidly (at least from a geological perspective) between the oceans and the atmosphere.
During ice ages the interaction between the deep-sea and the atmosphere is reduced, locking carbon into vast reservoirs in the abyss. The opposite happens during interglacial periods.

How do scientists work out the carbon levels in oceans tens of thousands of years ago?

The answer lies in the shells of tiny marine creatures that lived near the ocean’s surface at the time.
The international team (which included academics from the Autonomous University of Barcelona and the Australian National University) studied the composition of the calcium carbonate shells of ancient marine organisms that lived thousands of years ago. These revealed the ocean’s carbon content.
Joint lead author Gianluca Marino, from the Australian National University, said: “We found that very high concentrations of dissolved CO2 in surface waters of the Southern Atlantic Ocean and the eastern equatorial Pacific coincided with the rises in atmospheric CO2 at the end of the last ice age, suggesting that these regions acted as sources of CO2 to the atmosphere.”

Does more research need to be done?

Of course! The more research the merrier – especially since this is just one part of the bigger picture that marked the end of the ice age.
Co-author Gavin Foster, also from the University of Southampton, said: ”While our results support a primary role for the Southern Ocean processes in these natural cycles, we don’t yet know the full story and other processes operating in other parts of the ocean, such as the North Pacific, may have an additional role to play.”