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Showing posts with label resources. Show all posts
Showing posts with label resources. Show all posts

Tuesday, March 28, 2017

Donie's Ireland daily news BLOG.

Oxfam report accuses Ireland of facilitating tax avoidance by European banks

OXFAM REPORT CLAIMS 16 OF EUROPE’S TOP 20 BANKS BOOKED PROFITS HERE IN 2015

Image result for Oxfam report accuses Ireland of facilitating tax avoidance by European banks  Image result for Oxfam report accuses Ireland of facilitating tax avoidance by European banks
The 16 top European banks operating in Ireland examined by the report paid an average effective tax rate here of no more than 6%.
Ireland has been accused of facilitating large-scale corporate tax avoidance by European banks. A report by Oxfam and the Fair Finance Guide International said a “disproportionate” amount of profits generated by these institutions are being booked through Ireland.
The research found 16 of Europe’s 20 biggest banks had reported profits here in 2015. It said these banks had generated €2.3 billion in profits in Ireland on €3 billion of turnover. That equates to a profitability rate of 76 per cent, four times higher than the global average. Only the Cayman Islands had a higher average profitability rate at 167 per cent.
Responding to the report, the Department of Finance said it rejects any allegations that the State is a tax haven. In a statement, it said: “Ireland does not meet any international definition of being a tax haven. We only have and want real substantive foreign direct investment, the kind that brings real jobs and investment into Ireland. Ireland is also fully compliant with all international best practices in the areas of tax transparency and exchange of information.”
The report said Ireland appears to be “a very productive location” for European banks with just the Cayman Islands, Curacao and Luxembourg having a higher average profit per employee.
An average employee in Ireland generated €409,000 in profits in 2015, more than nine times the average for employees worldwide.
It pointed to Spanish bank BBVA Compass as an example. That bank’s employees generated on average a profit of €33,000 each, but its average employee in Ireland generated €6.8 million, which is more than 200 times as much.
The 16 top European banks operating in Ireland examined by the report paid an average effective tax rate in Ireland of no more than 6 per cent , half the statutory rate of 12.5 per cent, with three banks (Barclays, RBS and Crédit Agricole) paying no more than 2 per cent.
Oxfam said countries were being denied large amounts of potential tax revenue by corporate tax avoidance.
This was contributing to inequality and poverty with governments forced to decide between increasing indirect taxes such as value-added tax (VAT), which are paid disproportionately by ordinary people, or cutting public services, which hits the poorest hardest.
It also said increased profits as a result of lower corporate taxation benefit wealthy companies’ shareholders, further increasing the gap between rich and poor.
“The massive profitability levels of European banks in Ireland suggests that large profits may be reported in Ireland as a tax avoidance strategy,” Oxfam Ireland’s senior policy and research co-ordinator Michael McCarthy Flynn said.
“This is creating little additional benefit to the Irish economy and tarnishing Ireland’s reputation,” he added.
Oxfam’s report suggested tax havens accounted for 26 per cent of the profits (an estimated €25 billion) made by the 20 biggest European banks but only 12 per cent of banks’ global turnover and 7 per cent of the banks’ employees.
This was out of proportion with the real level of economic activity that occurs in these jurisdictions.
While there may be legitimate business reasons for booking high profits in some cases, the report suggests that discrepancies may have arisen because some banks are using tax havens to avoid paying their fair share of tax, to facilitate tax dodging for their clients, or to circumvent regulations and legal requirements.

No Stormont agreement & no budget, “So what happens next”

Image result for No Stormont agreement & no budget, "So what happens next" Image result for No Stormont agreement Flanagan & Teresa May Image result for No Stormont agreement & no budget

FAILURE TO AGREE A POLITICAL DEAL AT STORMONT MEANS NO BUDGET WILL BE PASSED FOR THE NEW FINANCIAL YEAR, WHICH BEGINS NEXT WEEK. SO, WHAT HAPPENS NEXT?

The lack of a budget does not mean public services will grind to a halt.
Instead, the most senior civil servant at the Department of Finance, David Sterling, will use emergency powers to keep the money flowing.
On Wednesday, he will gain immediate control of a sum of money equivalent to 75% of this year’s budget.
Section 59 of the Northern Ireland Act allows him to use that money “for such services and purposes” as he directs.
Community groups vulnerable
In practice, that will mean funding existing services at their current level.
In January, Mr Sterling told a Stormont committee that he viewed this only as an interim measure.terling will shortly become the man holding the purse strings at Stormont
“It is purely a stopgap to ensure that business continuity prevails and that departments have the cash necessary for them to run their services until such times as a budget act is put in place,” he said.
On the whole, these emergency measures should not mean cuts to services in the short term.
However, voluntary and community groups which receive government funding on a year-to-year basis could be vulnerable.
They do not have certainty that their funding will continue and some organisations have already warned staff they are at risk of redundancy.
Health service difficulties
This extraordinary situation could also be storing up trouble for later in the financial year, particularly for the health service.
Mr Sterling told MLAs that the Department of Health “faces real difficulties in this scenario”.
“The quality of service provided will depend on the pattern of spend that the department is allowed to incur from the beginning of April,” he said.service is set to face “real difficulties” in the absence of a budget
“So, some big decisions need to be taken around that – I cannot say what those decisions are.
“Obviously, from my perspective, it is better that it is ministers who are taking those decisions.”
If we get as far as July and there is still no budget then the situation becomes critical.
The law says that Mr Sterling will then have the right to spend an amount equivalent to 95% of this year’s budget across the whole of the financial year.
That will effectively mean in-year cuts of least 5% across the public service.
Resources seriously squeezed
There are other complications – Stormont has not set a regional rate so rates bills cannot be issued.
Households and businesses will get a bill at some point, but it is not clear when.
subsidies for farmers will have to come from Mr Sterling’s pot of money
Councils, which rely on rates revenue, will instead get their money directly from Mr Sterling’s pot, but that cannot go on indefinitely.
The rules also mean that European farm subsidies cannot be paid out in the normal way.
Farmers will still get their money, but again that will have to come out of Mr Sterling’s pot until such time as a budget is passed.
Resources could becomes seriously squeezed long before the end of the financial year.
One other thing to remember is that even in the absence of a crisis Stormont’s budget was falling in real terms in the coming year.
When a budget is eventually passed, it will mean cuts anyway.

Sligo to retain ban on fracking in county development plan

COUNCIL CHIEF, BACKING ACTIVITY, CITES CONFLICT BETWEEN NATIONAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT NEEDS

Image result for Sligo to retain ban on fracking in county development plan  Image result for Sligo to retain ban on fracking in county development plan

RURAL FRACKING. CLLR DECLAN BREE SAID THE BAN HAD BEEN WELCOMED BY THE SLIGO COMMUNITY “WHO FULLY RECOGNISE THE DANGERS FRACKING POSES TO WATER QUALITY, TO HUMAN SAFETY AND TO THE GENERAL ENVIRONMENT”.

Sligo county councillors have unanimously voted – for a second time – to have a ban on fracking included in the county’s new development plan.
The councillors rejected a recommendation from council chief executive Ciaran Hayes that the ban, agreed last June, should be omitted from a new county development plan.
Mr Hayes said this was a situation where there was a conflict between the requirements of national government and local government.
He made the recommendation following a submission to the Draft County Development Plan 2017-2023 from the Department of Local Government suggesting that a ban on Unconventional Gas Exploration and Extraction would be “premature”.
Fracking is the extraction of natural gas by pumping high pressure water and chemicals into shale formations deep underground.
In a separate submission, David Minton, director of the Northern and Western Regional Assembly (NWRA), said the proposed ban would be ultra vires (beyond one’s legal power or authority) and should not be included.
Cllr Declan Bree (Independent) said the ban had been warmly welcomed by the community “who fully recognise the dangers fracking poses to water quality, to human safety and to the general environment”.
He said he had “half expected” a pro-fracking commercial operator to make a submission seeking to have the ban removed. “Imagine my surprise when I heard that the submission seeking the removal of the ban was made by the Northern and Western Regional Authority,” he said.
“Fortunately it is not regional assembly or the chief executive who ultimately decide what is included in our development plan – it is the elected representatives of the people of this county who will make the decision,” he added.
In his submission, Mr Hayes said the NWRA had pointed out that placing a ban on certain exploration and extraction activities in Co Sligo was “ beyond the legal powers of the county council”.
He also pointed out that at the end of October 2016 the Dáil had passed the first stage of a Bill calling for a ban on fracking in Ireland. This Bill was introduced by Sligo-Leitrim TD Tony McLoughlin.

Irish researchers make a ‘significant’ diabetes finding?

HOPES THAT DISCOVERY MAY LEAD TO SCREENING TEST FOR THE MOST SERIOUS TYPE OF DIABETES

Image result for Irish researchers make a ‘significant’ diabetes finding?  

RESEARCHERS SAID THEIR DISCOVERY HAD THE POTENTIAL TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MARKERS THAT PREDICT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TYPE 1 DIABETES.

Irish researchers have made a “significant” medical discovery they believe may ultimately lead to a screening test for the most serious type of diabetes.
The 3U Diabetes Consortium, composed of researchers from Dublin City University, Maynooth University and the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, published the finding in the online journal Diabetic Medicine this week.
They said it had the potential to contribute to the identification of biological markers that predict the development of Type 1 diabetes, a chronic autoimmune disease.
The research showed the presence of a substance called 12-HETE in blood samples provided by newly diagnosed Type 1 diabetes patients at Connolly Hospital Blanchardstown and the Children’s University Hospital Temple Street.
This substance was not found in patient samples where the condition was already established, the researchers said.
“The elevated levels of 12-HETE, detected in early-onset Type 1 diabetes patients indicates the potential of this substance, in collaboration with other factors, to act as a biomarker for the onset of the autoimmune disease,” they said on Monday.
Analysing samples?
They will now turn their attention to analysing retrospective samples from patients who subsequently developed Type 1 diabetes.
“If 12-HETE is found in samples from people prior to diabetes onset, the researchers are hopeful that it can ultimately be used, in conjunction with other biomarkers, to develop a screening test for Type 1 diabetes among the general population,” the research team said.
Type 1 diabetes is caused by the body’s own immune system destroying the cells in the pancreas that make insulin, the hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy.
It usually occurs in childhood or early adulthood. It can develop extremely rapidly and requires life-long self-management of glucose monitoring, insulin injections, food intake and exercise.
The research team said early diagnosis of the condition was crucial to ensure the serious complication diabetic ketoacidosis did not develop.
Up to five children and teenagers are diagnosed each week in Ireland with Type 1 diabetes and one in 10 are affected by a late diagnosis which can result in critical illness.
Phenomenon
Prof Martin Clynes of DCU said it had been a “surprise” to the research team to discover the 12-HETE substance in people recently diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. It was not present in people with the lesser form, Type 2, or in those who had established Type 1 diagnoses.
“It could be useful as a signal that children will go on to get Type 1,” he added.
The researchers will now try to get access to data from other countries to study the phenomenon further.
The study, conducted over a period of three years and then peer reviewed, had received little in terms of core funding.
Prof Clynes said there had been some funding from the Health Research Board, but that in general the researchers had to “beg, borrow or steal” resources as they went along.
It was not as easy to get funding for diabetes research in Ireland as it was for cancer, he added.
“Diabetes is very poorly supported.”
About 226,000 people in Ireland live with diabetes, with between 14,000 and 16,000 of those having the Type 1 form. About 2,750 of those are under 16.

Aliens are HERE on Earth and they will eventually TAKE OVER,

CLAIMS A NUCLEAR SCIENTIST

Image result for Aliens are HERE on Earth and they will eventually TAKE OVER, Image result for Aliens are HERE on Earth and they will eventually TAKE OVER, Image result for Aliens are HERE on Earth and they will eventually TAKE OVER,

Brian Cox scientist (middle pic) says that aliens have killed themselves off so what?

A SCIENTIST HAS ISSUED A CHILLING WARNING THAT ALIENS ARE ALREADY HERE ON EARTH AND ARE BIDING THEIR TIME BEFORE UNLEASHING A FULL REVEAL.

Stanton Friedman,a nuclear physicist, (Above left Caption) is convinced there have been multiple visitations of Earth by aliens, who will ultimately quarantine us here on Earth.
The Canadian claimed there “was not a shadow of a doubt” the existence of intelligent aliens was being covered up by global governments as part of a so-called truth embargo.
Mr Friedman, 82, is a top Ufologist, who has been at the heart of investigations into the mysterious Roswell alleged UFO crash of 1947, after previously working on classified projects for American aerospace corporation McDonnell Douglas.
Speaking to Dailystar.co.uk, he said: “We have enough to prove without a shadow of a doubt that planet Earth is being visited [by aliens].
“This is kept from people because who would want the world in upheaval? There would be mass panic and distress.
“If they (the aliens) want to make themselves known, it’s easy – they will.”
He said recently declassified CIA files on UFO sightings were all part of the proof.
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So why does he say they are here?
Mr Friedman says aliens actually want to prevent humans colonising space and will ultimately quarantine us here for the greater good to prevent mankind travelling.
He said: “I think they are here. I think they are here to quarantine us, keep us from going out there.
“With our track record – we’re evil.”
But Mr Friedman claims our governments are trying to take advanatage of aliens being here by obtaining their technology to achieve world supremacy.
He said: “The first country to replicate [alien] technology will rule the roost if they can build it.
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We have enough to prove without a shadow of a doubt that planet Earth is being visited by aliens.
“It’s political too – the US says ‘are we ready to put out anything if the Russians don’t or the Chinese don’t’.”
Mr Friedman, who has written extensively on Aliens and UFOS, has described this culture of secrecy as the world’s “Cosmic Watergate” – a reference to the President Nixon cover-up scandal in the 1970s.
He now tours the globe giving talks on his beliefs at universities and conferences.
Some sceptics are not convinced by his arguments, however.
One poster on the forum skepticforum.com wrote: “Recently I was looking at some of Friedman’s arguments for UFO’s and against sceptics.
NASA astronaut ‘saw bodies of dead Roswell aliens in video footage’
Former MoD expert says alien invasion could spark WW3
“Overall he did a pretty poor job of battling sceptics and proving his point.
“When he says he debunks the debunkers he makes sweeping generalisations and says sceptics ignore some ‘big’ cases even though many of them were looked at by sceptics.
“So my question is what’s his point.
“He only uses old cases that were mostly debunked and just tries to discredit sceptics rather than provide non-speculative evidence.”  

Wednesday, August 3, 2016

Donie's Ireland daily news BLOG update

Getting deposit back an issue for ‘60% of renters in Ireland’, USI says

STUDENT LOBBY IN CAMPAIGN TO TACKLE ISSUE OF LANDLORDS WITHHOLDING MONEY

   

UCD CAMPUS IN BELFIELD. A CAMPAIGN TO TACKLE THE ISSUE OF LANDLORDS WITHHOLDING TENANTS’ DEPOSITS WILL BE LAUNCHED BY THE USI.

A campaign to tackle the issue of landlords withholding tenants’ deposits will be launched today by the Union of Students in Ireland (USI).
The USI said almost 60% of renters experience difficulties getting their deposit back.
As part of its Homes for Study campaign, the union will announce a partnership with deposit management service Deposify.
The company is backed by Bank of Ireland and, according to its founder, John Bayle, “gives landlords and tenants a joint account for rental deposits, and lets them manage and control how and when deposits are paid and resolve deposit-related disputes”.

DEPOSIT MANAGEMENT

USI president Annie Hoey said: “Last year, Ireland saw many problems in the accommodation sector, but this year USI is at the forefront of finding solutions to these problems, and a deposit management service with Deposify is a perfect solution for deposit disputes.”
The USI is urging anyone with spare rooms to rent them out to students. It will relaunch its website homes.usi.ie, which links students with landlords who can lease rooms to students during the college term tax free up to €12,000 annually.
According to Daft.ie, there is 40% less rental space available compared with last year while rents have increased by over 8% nationally.
Trinity College and UCD last week launched an accommodation campaign in Dublin to encourage homeowners to provide student digs.
The project will include blogs of students’ positive experiences in digs which will be posted online as an encouragement for potential landlords.
The universities said they hope to create several hundred new bed spaces for students in a matter of weeks.
About 2,000 accommodation places at DIT’s new Grangegorman site should be in place by 2018, along with 280 beds at Trinity’s Oisín House on-campus accommodation project.

Sharp increase in number of women dying from alcohol related illness

HALF OF PEOPLE ADMITTED TO HOSPITAL WITH ACUTE ALCOHOL HEPATITIS DIE, SAYS PROF FRANK MURRAY

    

A NEW TREND IS EMERGING OF YOUNGER WOMEN RUNNING INTO PROBLEMS WITH ALCOHOL, A LIVER SPECIALIST HAS SAID.

Prof Frank Murray of Beaumont Hospital and president of Royal College of Physicians in Ireland has warned that Irish people are underestimating how much they drink and the harm it can cause.
Three Irish people die every day as a result of alcohol abuse. Previously these would have been mostly older men drinking heavily in pubs on a regular basis.
However in recent times there has been a huge increase in the number of women being admitted to hospital and dying from liver failure, Prof Murray says.
Speaking on RTÉ’s Morning Ireland, Prof Murray said, “Commonly they are in their 40s, less commonly in their 30s and sometimes over 40s as well.
“We’ve seen a big change in deaths due to alcohol from being mainly older men to being much more gender balanced and much younger people.”
He said this change has come about because in Ireland and in the UK, most alcohol is now consumed at home rather than in the pub.
“What happens is people buy wine and in some cases people drink half a bottle a night several times during the week and a bottle each day at the weekends. That’s enough to cause liver failure.
  What is considered a safe level of weekly drinking?
“The awful thing is that people frequently have no premonition or warning that they’re going to develop liver failure, and to die as a result of alcohol because the vast majority of people who develop cirrhosis, develop liver failure, haven’t got symptoms before the crisis, and the life threatening component develops.”

BLOOD TESTS NOT PRECISE?

He said that blood tests are not very precise and can often pick up the effects of alcohol rather than alcohol damage.
“The sad fact is we don’t have a great test of impending liver failure or impending advanced damaged leading to cirrhosis and liver death. Any abnormality should be a very serious warning to patients if they’re drinking substantially.
“Unfortunately many people with advanced liver disease will have relatively normal blood tests of the liver.”
Prof Murray said the single most important treatment is to stop consuming alcohol completely.
“There are two components, cirrhosis and the inflammatory component which will fade away if they stop drinking.
“Unfortunately when people get admitted to hospital with acute alcohol hepatitis – half of them die. Frequently that’s their first presentation. They die during that first admission, that’s the first that they know they’re in trouble.
“That’s part of the problem, people don’t identify any symptoms, they’re not out of breath, running out of energy, there’s nothing that they will recognise as specific. Interestingly people who drink heavily feel terrible all the time, that’s the alcohol, rather than the liver disease component of it.
“The majority of people who present with liver failure have not had antecedent symptoms which are attributable to the liver failure itself.”
“Unfortunately many patients who present will die in their initial presentation, or they are in hospital for a very long time with complex problems related to their liver failure.”
Prof Murray said the patients would not make it to liver transplant stage because the liver disease is too severe to get them over the six month period of abstinence that’s required for liver transplant.
He described it a complex and high mortality illness.
“There is a recklessness to it, most people underestimate how much alcohol they consume, by as much as 61%. There is a huge amount of under estimation of what they drink and of the risk.”

Tesco under pressure from Dunne’s as SuperValu remains Ireland’s top grocer

     

SUPERVALU HAS RETAINED ITS POSITION AS THE COUNTRY’S BIGGEST GROCERY RETAILER, WITH DUNNES STORES CONTINUING TO PUT PRESSURE ON TESCO FOR THE NUMBER TWO SPOT, ACCORDING TO NEW DATA THIS MORNING FROM RESEARCH GROUP KANTAR WORLDPANEL.

The survey also shows that the Euro 2016 championship boosted grocery sales here by 3.3% as fans stocked up on booze, soft drinks and snacks.
SuperValu, the brand owned by Cork’s Musgrave Group, had a 22.5% share of Ireland’s multi-billion euro grocery market in the 12 weeks ended July 17.
That was ahead of the 21.9% share held by Tesco, and the 21.3% share that Dunnes Stores has.
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Both SuperValu and Dunnes Stores enjoyed a boost to the value of their sales in the latest period, but Tesco’s declined.
Lidl has an 11.9% share of the market, while Aldi has 11.2%. The value of sales at Lidl rose 4.5% in the latest period, compared to a 3.7% rise at Aldi.
“Ireland’s involvement in the Euro 2016 certainly looks to have had a positive impact for the major supermarkets,” said Kantar Worldpanel director David Berry. “Alcohol sales over the past 12 weeks are 11pc higher than the same time last year, as consumers stocked up more often and bought more each time they shopped,” he said. “Soft drinks, confectionery, crisps and snacks all also saw positive sales growth as football fans made the most of the opportunity to treat themselves.”
The probe will then take a sample from the asteroid before heading back to Earth for 2023.

Kenmare Resources first-half production more than doubled first six months this year

   

KENMARE’S MANAGING DIRECTOR MICHAEL CARVILL (LEFT PIC), THE COMPANY SAYS POWER SITUATION AT MOMA MINE IS STABLE. 

Dublin-listed Kenmare Resources has reported a big increase in production at its Moma mine in Mozambique in the first half of this year.
The company said this morning that it shipped 309,000 tonnes of finished products from the mine in the second quarter of this year, an increase of 133% compared with the same period last year and a record quarterly figure.
Ilmenite production rose by 18% to 217,900 tonnes and zircon production was up 46% to 16,900 tonnes. The company said market conditions had improved and it had implemented price increases on ilmenite due to be shipped in the third quarter.
The amount of ore mined increased by 5% to just under 7.4 million tonnes.
Kenmare maintained its target of producing 950,000 tonnes of ilmenite this year. It also said production was in the second half of the year was expected to increase further.
Kenmare has also completed a capital restructuring which has reduced its gross debt by 74% to $100m and left it with 75m of additional cash for working capital.
“The strengthening of the balance sheet, allied with falling cash costs and consistent productivity gains at Moma, positions Kenmare to benefit from the improvement in the titanium feedstock market we are currently experiencing as higher ilmenite prices are reflected in revenues for the second half of 2016,” said managing director Michael Carvill.
The company also said that the mine had continued to experience stability in power quality and reliability as a result of the additional transmission capacity commissioned by Electricidade de Mocambique in December.

Last woolly mammoths ‘died of thirst’ some 5,600 years ago

   

ONE OF THE LAST KNOWN GROUPS OF WOOLLY MAMMOTHS DIED OUT BECAUSE OF A LACK OF DRINKING WATER, SCIENTISTS BELIEVE.

The Ice Age beasts were living on a remote island off the coast of Alaska, and scientists have dated their demise to about 5,600 years ago.
They believe that a warming climate caused lakes to become shallower, leaving the animals unable to quench their thirst.
Most of the world’s woolly mammoths had died out by about 10,500 years ago.
Scientists believe that human hunting and environmental changes played a role in their extinction.
But the group living on St Paul Island, which is located in the Bering Sea, managed to cling on for another 5,000 years.
This study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggests that these animals faced a different threat from their mainland cousins.
The mammoths were contributing to their own demise says Prof Russell Graham, Pennsylvania State University
As the Earth warmed up after the Ice Age, sea levels rose, causing the mammoths’ island home to shrink in size.
This meant that some lakes were lost to the ocean, and as salt water flowed into the remaining reservoirs, freshwater diminished further.
The fur-covered giants were forced to share the ever-scarcer watering holes. But their over-use also caused a major problem.
Lead author Prof Russell Graham, from Pennsylvania State University, said: “As the other lakes dried up, the animals congregated around the water holes.
“They were milling around, which would destroy the vegetation – we see this with modern elephants.
“And this allows for the erosion of sediments to go into the lake, which is creating less and less fresh water.
“The mammoths were contributing to their own demise.”
This study highlights that small populations are very sensitive to changes in the environmentLove Dalen, Swedish Museum of Natural History
He said that if there was not enough rain or melting snow to top the lakes up, the animals may have died very quickly.
“We do know modern elephants require between 70 and 200 litres of water daily,” Prof Graham said.
“We assume mammoths did the same thing. It wouldn’t have taken long if the water hole had dried up. If it had only dried up for a month, it could have been fatal.”
The researchers say climate change happening today could have a similar impact on small islands, with a threat to freshwater putting both animals and humans at risk.
‘Best understood extinction’
Commenting on the study, Love Dalen, professor in evolutionary genetics at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, said: “With this paper, the St Paul Island mammoth population likely represents the most well-described and best understood prehistoric extinction events.
“In a broader perspective, this study highlights that small populations are very sensitive to changes in the environment.”
The very last surviving mammoths lived on Wrangel Island, in the Arctic Ocean. It is thought they died out 4,000 years ago.