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Showing posts with label Amputation. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Amputation. Show all posts

Sunday, October 16, 2016

Donie's Ireland daily news BLOG update

Irish Cabinet now expected to agree to waive scheduled pay increases

Image result for Irish Cabinet now expected to agree to waive scheduled pay increases  Image result for Richard Bruton  Image result for Sinn Féin TD Mary Lou McDonald said ministers were in line for rises worth €12,000 over three years.

RICHARD BRUTON SAID MINISTERS WILL NOT BE TAKING THE SCHEDULED PAY INCREASES AND THE CABINET IS EXPECTED TO AGREE NEXT WEEK TO WAIVE PAY HIKES FOR MINISTERS AND MINISTERS OF STATE.

Ministers were due to get increases under the terms of the Haddington Road Agreement on public sector pay.
Minister for Public Expenditure and Reform Paschal Donohoe will bring a proposal to extend the freeze on pay restoration for Government members meaning they will forego €12,000 over the next three years.
However TDs will get their pay restored by €5,414 over the same period according to the Department of Public Enterprise, since 2009, TDs’ pay has been reduced by €19,920.
The pay of the taoiseach has been reduced by €117,645 since 2009, a reduction of 41.1%.
The pay of the tánaiste has been reduced by €89,828 since 2009, a reduction of 36.6%.
The pay of a minister has been reduced by €82,023 since 2009, a reduction of 36.4%.
The pay of a minister of state has been reduced by €43,698 since 2009, a reduction of 28%.
Earlier, Minister for Education Richard Bruton told the Dáil that ministers will agree next week to forgo pay increases.
Speaking in the Dáil, the minister said he agreed that politicians need to take a lead and that the Government will confirm next week that ministers will not be taking the proposed pay rise.
Sinn Féin TD Mary Lou McDonald said ministers were in line for rises worth €12,000 over three years.
A stop must be put to all increases for politicians, she said and not just “a voluntary pause on these increases”.

We are like athletes says Trump & proposes drug testing before the final 3rd. debate

Republican’s suggest Hillarly Clinton may have taken performance-enhancing drugs in last showdown and at New Hamphire rally repeats suspicion of a ‘rigged’ election
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Donald Trump suggested on Saturday that Hillary Clinton might have taken performance-enhancing drugs to prepare for their presidential debates, and that both candidates for president should be tested before Wednesday’s final debate.
“We’re like athletes,” the Republican nominee told a rally in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. “They make them take a drug test. I think we should take a drug test prior to the debate. I think we should – why don’t we do that?”
Trump continued: “We should take a drug test prior because I don’t know what’s going on with her, but at the beginning of her last debate she was all pumped up at the beginning and at the end if was, ‘Huh, take me down.’ She could barely reach her car. So I think we should take a drug test. Anyway, I’m willing to do it.”
Trump’s campaign has previously criticised the media for taking his rally statements literally, for instance saying that the candidate was being “sarcastic” when he said Barack Obama “founded” Isis. Aides have yet to say whether he was speaking tongue in cheek.
Life after Trump: Republicans brace for betrayal and civil war after 2016
The health of both candidates has been under scrutiny in the final months of the grueling 2016 campaign. Clinton was slow to reveal a bout of pneumonia, which her campaign only revealed after she made a premature departure from an 11 September memorial service in New York.
Trump’s repeated sniffling during the first two debates has also drawn attention, and Howard Dean, the former governor of Vermont, was forced to apologise for tweeting a suggestion that it could be due to cocaine use.
The Trump campaign did not respond to questions about what drugs the candidate was suggesting could have been used to enhance Clinton’s debate performance .
A pro-Trump Super Pac, run by millionaire donor Robert Mercer, released an ad earlier this month questioning Clinton’s health. “If athletes need to be tested for drugs for the biggest race of their lives,” the ad says, “shouldn’t candidates be tested for the biggest race of yours?”
With his campaign in a tailspin after several women came forward with allegations of sexual harassment, Trump began Saturday with another barrage of tweets that have become a hallmark of his campaign. In them, he alleged that the election was rigged and suggested that a loss on November 8 would be illegitimate. He wrote in one: “100% fabricated and made-up charges, pushed strongly by the media and the Clinton Campaign, may poison the minds of the American Voter. FIX!”
Donald Trump ‘grabbed me and went for the lips’, says a ninth accuser?
In another, he said: “This election is being rigged by the media pushing false and unsubstantiated charges, and outright lies, in order to elect Crooked Hillary!”
And a third: “Hillary Clinton should have been prosecuted and should be in jail. Instead she is running for president in what looks like a rigged election.”
The Republican nominee has repeatedly suggested that the election is “rigged” over the past few months and warned of voter fraud, without any evidence. Since August, Trump has stirred conspiracy theories in the swing state of Pennyslvania, warning of fraud in “certain areas”, such as Philadelphia, a diverse but majority black city. He has also echoed a 2012 conspiracy theory that Mitt Romney fell victim to voter fraud in the city that year, because he did not receive a single vote in 59 precincts in African American neighborhoods. There are 1,687 precincts in the city and Obama received more than 85% of the vote there in 2012.
Trump picked up the theme during his rally in New Hampshire, scene of his first victory in the Republican primary campaign. “Hillary Clinton is running for president in what looks like a rigged election, OK?” he said. “It looks to me like a rigged election. The election is being rigged by corrupt media pushing completely false allegations and outright lies in an effort to elect her president. And you know what I mean.”
The businessman has been widely condemned by members of both parties for seeking to undermine the legitimacy of the election. But introducing Trump on Saturday, Alabama Senator Jeff Sessions fueled the fire. “They are attempting to rig this election,” he said, shaking his fists. “They will not succeed.”
Clinton’s campaign manager, Robby Mook, denounced the claim. “Campaigns should be hard-fought and elections hard-won, but what is fundamental about the American electoral system is that it is free, fair and open to the people,” he said.
‘I’m a gentleman’ as Trump menaces Clinton with imposing presence and brash insults
“Participation in the system – and particularly voting – should be encouraged, not dismissed or undermined because a candidate is afraid he’s going to lose.”
AshLee Strong, a spokeswoman for House Speaker Paul Ryan, said the top Republican in Washington does not agree with Trump’s assertion of fraud. “Our democracy relies on confidence in election results, and the speaker is fully confident the states will carry out this election with integrity,” she said.
A spokesperson for Republican National Committee chairman Reince Priebus did not respond to a request for comment and a spokesman for Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell declined to comment about whether they agreed that the election is “rigged.” Priebus, McConnell and Ryan continue to support Trump although dozens of their party colleagues have denounced him.
Libertarian candidate Gary Johnson also disputed the claim, with spokesman Joe Hunter saying “he doesn’t believe the actual voting is rigged”. “He has major issues with the two-party control of ballot access, debates, etc,” Hunter added.
In contrast, Republican Senator Ben Sasse of Nebraska, a fierce Trump critic, tweeted on Saturday: “Freedom-loving Americans repudiate anybody who says they want to make lawful voters ‘a little bit nervous’ at polls.”
Trump also attempted to defend himself against the repeated sexual harassment allegations. “How about this crazy woman on the airplane,” he said of one accuser. “I mean, can anybody believe that one? How about this? After 15 minutes! We don’t know each other.”
“After 15 minutes, she says, ‘Well, that was too much, I decided’. Fifteen minutes! With the ladies in this place it would be one second and then it would be smack. Fifteen minutes! It’s a crazy world we’re living in.”

Fianna Fáil wants changes to first-time buyer scheme

FIANNA FÁIL IS TO PUT PRESSURE ON GOVERNMENT MINISTERS TO VOTE IN FAVOUR OF CHANGING THEIR OWN FIRST-TIME BUYERS SCHEME.

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THE MAIN OPPOSITION PARTY IS NOW SEEKING THE SUPPORT OF THE INDEPENDENT ALLIANCE WHEN THEY TABLE AMENDMENTS THE NEW FIRST-TIME BUYERS SCHEME.

Fianna Fáil housing spokesman Barry Cowen yesterday said: “I will be asking the Independent Alliance to support the amendments we table, in particular we will be asking them to back our amendment to lower the ceiling to €400,000.”
The tax rebate announced as part of the budget will allow first-time buyers to claim up to €20,000 back on a new home. Buyers can claim back 5% of the price of a €400,000 and above that the rebate will be capped at €20,000, however those who purchase homes up to the value of €600,000 will all be eligible for the scheme.
Housing Minister Simon Coveney yesterday defended the €600,000 ceiling by saying he didn’t want to create a “cliff effect”.
“If someone was buying a house for €405,000 we didn’t want them to get nothing, yet a person buying a house for €400,000 would get support from the State to the tune of €20,000. So that’s why we effectively stopped the benefit at €400,000 and then the benefit is frozen beyond that up to €600,000. But we don’t expect first-time buyers will be buying houses at above €400,000 in any numbers.”
Mr Coveney said that in total first-time buyers bought 760 homes across the country last year.
“Builders simply aren’t building homes for that sector. And we need to change that.”
But Sinn Féin’s Eoin Ó Broin said the incentive would only push up prices and called on them to withdraw the scheme.
“If Mr Coveney is going to press ahead, he needs to outline how he’s going to monitor house prices over the next 12 to 18 months, and if there’s any evidence of house price inflation — as we believe there is going to be — then he needs to suspend the scheme.”
He said the Oireachtas housing committee had spent a “lot of time” speaking with experts on the issues but this work had been “ignored” by Mr Coveney.
“In general our view was that we needed to see the price of house reduce, rather than schemes to increase access to credit,” said Mr Ó Broin. “What we proposed back in June was that the Housing Agency be given a task of doing an annual audit of the all-in cost of providing residential units, and within three months — and that would have been in time for the budget — to make clear policy recommendations based on evidence and international best practice, as how to reduce those costs.”

UHG Inquiry after amputation of toes was performed in non-sterile ward hospital

A REVIEW IS UNDER WAY IN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL GALWAY INTO WHY THE PROCEDURE WAS NOT IN THEATRE

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IT IS UNDERSTOOD THAT THEATRE SPACE HAD BEEN BOOKED FOR A PATIENT WHO WAS DUE TO HAVE SEVERAL TOES AMPUTATED IN ONE PROCEDURE.

University Hospital Galway has initiated a “review” into how an amputation scheduled for theatre took place in a general ward yesterday.
The hospital run by the Saolta University health care group in Galway city could not outline the circumstances due to “patient confidentiality”. However, it confirmed that the incident had occurred.
It is understood that theatre space had been booked for a patient who was due to have several toes amputated in one procedure. However, the procedure was carried out in a ward instead. It is understood that nursing staff were concerned that protocols may have been breached. Medical protocols normally require that amputations take place under sterile conditions and under anaesthetic in a theatre.
A procedure room?
In certain circumstances surgical procedures can take place in a clinical or procedure room. This might occur if theatre space was not available, or the surgery was being carried out under local anaesthetic. A spokesman for Saolta health care group management said in a statement that “an inquiry has been initiated into how an amputation took place in a ward rather than a theatre at University Hospital, Galway”.
“We can confirm that management at University Hospital Galway are currently reviewing the circumstances surrounding a surgical procedure carried out today at ward level,” the statement said. “In the interests of patient confidentiality, no further comment will be made,” it added.
The hospital is one of the busiest in the State, and pressure on its emergency department has led to implementation of full capacity protocols on a series of occasions in recent months.

Man who saved baby at Buncrana  tragedy pier gets a medal for his bravery

DAVITT WALSH WHO SWAM OUT TO CAR WHERE FIVE DROWNED AMONG THOSE HONOURED IN DUBLIN.

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DAVITT WALSH, WHO RESCUED A CHILD FROM DROWNING OFF BUNCRANA PIER IN MARCH, WITH HIS MOTHER SIOBHÁN, AS HE RECEIVED THE MICHAEL HEFFERNAN GOLD MEDAL FOR BRAVERY AT FARMLEIGH, DUBLIN.

The Donegal man who rescued a four-month-old baby from a car which was sinking off Buncrana pier earlier this year has been awarded a gold medal by the State.
Davitt Walsh (29), who brought Rionaghac-Ann McGrotty to safety after the car in which her family was travelling slipped off the Co Donegal pier, was conferred with the Michael Heffernan gold medal for marine gallantry on Friday evening.
Minister for Transport Shane Ross, who presented the awards at Farmleigh House, Dublin, paid tribute to Irish Coast Guard volunteer Caitríona Lucas, who lost her life during a search off Co Clare last month.
The nominations for this round of awards had closed before Ms Lucas lost her life.
The citation for Mr Walsh’s action in Buncrana extols his bravery at “huge peril to his own safety” and his “quick reactions to a very rapidly deteriorating situation”.
Five people, including the baby’s father Seán, and two brothers Mark (12) and Evan (8), died in the incident on Lough Swilly on March 20th. The RNLI Lough Swilly lifeboat crew who assisted in the alert received a ministerial letter of appreciation.
The gold medal – named after the late diver Michael Heffernan who lost his life while assisting in a cave rescue off north Mayo in October 1997 – was also awarded to Irish Coast Guard helicopter winchman Gary Robertson for his rescue of a fisherman off Inishinny island, Co Donegal, last April.
Mr Robertson worked in very dangerous conditions to cut the fisherman free when he became entangled and trapped in gear attached to a sinking vessel.
A bronze medal was presented to Sam Nunn and his crew of Ruarí Nunn, Brian Kehoe and Niall McGee, who rescued nine people from drowning close to the Saltee Islands off the south Wexford coast in August 2015.
Bronze medals were also given to Paul Dolan and Dean Treacy, who rescued a man from a rigid inflatable off Clontarf, Dublin, in October 2012; and to Charlie Hennigar, who rescued three people after a gangway collapsed between a pier and ferry on Inisheer in June of this year.
Ministerial letters of appreciation for their role in rescues were also awarded to the Skerries Coast Guard unit in north Dublin; the RNLI Castletownbere and Kinsale lifeboat crews in Cork; the Irish Coast Guard’s rescue 116 helicopter crew and its winchman Richard Desay; Dean Coleman who rescued a swimmer off Sandycove, Dublin, last summer; and Gavin Byrne who rescued three people off the Wexford coast last year.

Some 150 countries agree to sign new Climate Change deal

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ABOUT 150 COUNTRIES HAVE AGREED TO A DEAL REDUCING GREENHOUSE GASES FAR MORE POWERFUL THAN CARBON DIOXIDE IN AN EFFORT TO FIGHT CLIMATE CHANGE.

The agreement divides countries into three groups with different deadlines to reduce the use of factory-made hydrofluorocarbon gases, according to Rwandan minister Vinncent Biruta.
The developed nations, including most of Europe and the US, will reduce their use of the gas by 10% before 2019, reaching 85% by 2036.
More than 100 developing countries, including China, the world’s worst polluter, will freeze their use of the gas by 2024.
A small group of countries, including India, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and some Gulf states negotiated a later start in 2029.
That date is two years earlier than India, the world’s third-worst polluter, had initially suggested.
These countries will then reduce their use gradually.
Environmental groups say they hope the deal can cut global warming by a half-degree celsius by the end of this century.
Durwood Zaelke, president of Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development, said the agreement gets about 90% of the way there, with a statement from his group describing it as the ‘largest temperature reduction ever achieved by a single agreement’.
Clare Perry, UK climate campaign leader with the Environmental Investigation Agency, said: ‘Compromises had to be made, but 85% of developing countries have committed to the early schedule starting 2024, which is a very significant achievement.’
David Doniger, climate and clean air program director with the Natural Resources Defense Council, said the deal is ‘equal to stopping the entire world’s fossil-fuel CO2 emissions for more than two years.’
Small island states, such as those in the Pacific, had called for quicker action, saying that they face the biggest danger from climate change.
Mattlan Zackhras, representing the Marshall Islands, said: ‘(The deal) may not be entirely what the islands wanted but it is a good deal.
‘We all know we must go further and we will go further.’
HFCs were introduced in the 1980s to replace ozone-depleting gases.
They are used in fridges, air conditioning, some inhalers and insulating foams.
But they can be 100,000 times more powerful than carbon dioxide as greenhouse gases and their danger increased as sales of fridges and air conditioning massively increased in developing economies such as China and India.    

Sunday, December 8, 2013

Donie's news Ireland daily BLOG update

NAMA plans a sale of €1.8 billion's worth of property loans

  

Ireland’s National Asset Management Agency is preparing to sell Irish, German and U.K. real estate loans with a face value of 1.8 billion euros ($2.5 billion) as demand for property debt rises, two people with knowledge of the plan said.

The loans are linked to properties built by Irish developer Michael O’Flynn and his companies, said the people, who asked not to be identified because the matter is private. UBS AG will act as broker, one of the people said. David Clerkin, a NAMA spokesman at public relations firm Gordon MRM, and UBS spokeswoman Stephanie Aneto declined to comment. O’Flynn wouldn’t comment when contacted by phone.
International investors have been buying property and loans backing European real estate as the region rebounds from its sovereign-debt crisis. Lenders in the European Union sold 29 billion euros of portfolio loans and assets such as bank branches and mortgage-servicing units and in the first half of 2013, according to Richard Thompson, a partner at PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP in London.
O’Flynn Group’s developments include student housing across Europe and The Elysian apartment tower in Cork that’s Ireland’s tallest building, according to building-data provider Emporis.
NAMA was set up in 2009 by the government to take over 74 billion euros of risky commercial real estate loans held by Ireland’s banks and sell them over as many as 10 years.

Over 500 Irish schools could close if Teachers dispute goes ahead

 

SUPERVISION AND SUBSTITUTION DUTIES TO BECOME UNPAID AND MANDATORY IN JANUARY

Over 500 second-level schools could close from mid-January if the Association of Secondary Teachers Ireland (ASTI) rejects the Haddington Road agreement and a dispute commences over supervision and substitution duties, Government sources believe.

The cabinet decided last week that if the ASTI votes again to reject the Haddington Road deal in a ballot currently underway , supervision and substitution would become unpaid and mandatory for its members from January 17th.

It is understood that the Department of Education will formally set out this position in a circular to schools in the weeks ahead if the ASTI votes against the agreement.

Government sources believe that if the ASTI subsequently directed members not to carry out supervision and substitution duties, schools where it has a significant number of members could not stay open.

Government sources estimated that there are around 500 schools where the ASTI is either the dominant trade union or has a significant number of members.

Ultimately it would be a matter for individual boards of management in schools to determine whether they should stay open.

It is understood the Government made no provision for non-union members to accept the Haddington Road agreement if they wished on an individual basis.

Separately figures released by the Department of Education maintained that young teachers who are members of the ASTI will be more than €220 per month worse off than their counterparts in the Teachers Union of Ireland, if they vote to reject the Haddington Road agreement.

The Department of Education stated that for ASTI members who commenced their careers in 2012 they would be worse off by €734 per month by 2020 if the Haddington Road deal was rejected and the Government imposed the provision of financial emergency legislation and ended payments for supervision and substitution duties.

Members of the Teachers’ Union of Ireland have accepted the Haddington Road agreement, however the ASTI is currently balloting again on the deal with a recommendation and members should vote against it.

The figures released by the Department of Education maintained that an ASTI member who started teaching in 2012 would be worse off by €222 per month in salary form next February if Haddington Road was rejected compared with a teacher in the Teachers’ Union of Ireland.

It said an ASTI member who started their teaching career in 2011 would be worse off by €164 per month or €660 per month by 2020.

The Department of Education maintained that an ASTI member with seven years experience would be worse off by €139 per month from next February or €339 per month in 2020 compared with a member of the Teacher’s Union of Ireland.

The Department of Education said that an assistant principal in a school on the top of their pay scale would be €2 per month worse off from February or €330 per month by 2020 compared with a member of the Teachers’ Union of Ireland.

Dunne's Stores Anti-apartheid strikers of 1984 to attend Mandela funeral

 

(right pic.) Mary Manning (right) kneels next to a plaque commemorating the strike

Irish supermarket workers who went on strike for almost three years over the import of goods from apartheid South Africa are set to attend Nelson Mandela’s funeral.

Trade unions are trying to organise transport for some of those who took part in the high-profile picket at Dunnes Stores in Dublin in the 1980s.
The action was triggered in 1984 when 21-year-old cashier Mary Manning was suspended for refusing to handle goods bought from South Africa.
The strike, involving 11 workers, was one of the longest in trade union history and only ended when the Irish Government agreed to ban the import of South African fruit and vegetables until the apartheid regime was over.
Mr Mandela met the strike workers during a visit to Dublin in the early 1990s.
M/s Manning has a street named after her in Johannesburg.
The workers were commemorated five years ago with an official plaque in central Dublin.
M/s Manning was presented with the plaque in a special ceremony by former South African president Thabo Mbeki.
Mandate trade union said it and other unions in Ireland were in the process of arranging the attendance of the Dunnes Stores anti-apartheid strikers at Mr Mandela’s funeral next Sunday.
Mandate general secretary John Douglas said: “The trade union movement believes it would be a fitting tribute from the Irish trade union movement to send the Dunnes Stores strikers, who took such a brave stance on the issue of apartheid, to the funeral of Mr Mandela in South Africa.”
Irish President Michael D Higgins and his wife Sabina will fly to South Africa tomorrow to attend a memorial service for Mr Mandela at the FNB stadium in Johannesburg on Tuesday.

Almost 50% of people stressed over money worries during festive season

 

We’re not looking forward to Christmas. A shocking 75% of middle-aged people are the most stressed and money is the biggest cause.

The Alka-Seltzer study Seasonal Stress and Excess found that almost one in two adults – 49% are stressing out about Christmas, with shopping, cooking and cleaning adding to their woes.
Seasonal stress affects more women than men with 74% of females versus 68% of men feeling the strain.
It also revealed that the “sandwich generation” of 32 to 50-year-old women carry the biggest stress burden.
Alka-Seltzer brand manager Jennifer Walsh said the frantic nature of Christmas – coupled with an already strained economy – causes serious tension headaches, the most common type of primary headaches.
MINIMISE: Some people feel them in the eyes, others in the neck and some in the back – and they account for 90pc of headaches.
But there are things you can do to minimise the stress and maximise Christmas. Cut down on your gift list as well as creating a budget for the ones you’ve decided to buy and focus on the free stuff.
Get prepared in advance and share the workload with family and friends.
PRUNE: Don’t create unnecessary work for yourself either, “prune your action list” recommends Alka-Seltzer.
Indigestion is another common symptom around Christmas with people over-indulging on the turkey.
Keep meals to a manageable size and bear in mind that excessive eating doesn’t make anyone happy. Finally make Christmas fun – not perfect.

The use of Statin increases amputation-free survival in patients with critical limb ischemia

    
In patients with critical limb ischemia, statin use was associated with lower mortality and fewer major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, as well as increased amputation-free survival, according to recent study results published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
Researchers reviewed 380 patients with critical limb ischemia who underwent diagnostic angiography or therapeutic endovascular intervention from 2006-2012. Overall, 246 patients were prescribed statins. Patients prescribed statins had lower mean serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and more baseline comorbidities, including extensive lower extremity disease, diabetes, coronary artery disease and hypertension, according to study results.
Researchers found an association between statin therapy and lower 1-year rates of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, including stroke and myocardial infarction, and major amputation or death. Patients with LDL levels above 130mg/dL were at greater risk of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and mortality compared with patients with LDL levels lower than 130mg/dL.
“The improved rates of 1-year MACCE [major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events] with stain use strengthens the evidence supporting the guideline recommendations of statin therapy for all PAD patients, including those with even the most advanced stages of disease. Our finding of superior outcomes for patients with lower LDL levels also provides support for the use of LDL as a treatment target in patients with PAD.
Future studies should determine the optimal statin type and dose, further explore potential treatment targets including low-density lipoprotein for statins in peripheral arterial disease, and investigate barriers to more widespread use of statins among patients with critical limb ischemia,” the researchers wrote.

Human evolution comparison of various humans existing prior to modern Man

  

DENISOVANS, NEANDERTHALS, AND HOMO FLORESIENSIS ARE COUSINS

Human evolution, ever changing and full of mystery, is beautiful. The Denisovans, Neanderthals, and Homo floresiensis were ancient populations whose DNA remnants can be traced to today’s modern humans. They were around during the early times of human progress. Each type branched off from the original early humans over time, according to Matthias Meyer of the Max Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology.
For years, it has been a conversation involving only the Neanderthal when looking into how humans evolved. The discovery in 1974 of Lucy, 3.2 million years old with features of human and ape alike, fit into the known Neanderthal context. Lucy, who walked upright,  was found in Ethiopia by Donald Johnson, a paleontologist. She was the oldest human ancestor discovered at the time.
In 2004, the human evolution chain was adjusted once more.   Homo floresiensis fossils were discovered in the Liang Bua Cave, on an Indonesian island called Flores. Research found the specimens of these ancient humans to be small in stature. Their features attracted the term “Hobbit” as their distinction.
Homo floresiensis fossils are still being investigated to see where they fit in the tree of human evolution. For one, it is not clear whether their size is natural or from adaptation to being on an island with limited food availability. Another oddity is the lack of clarification of how these fossils appear to somehow possibly fit in the old world and the new world. It is expected more findings will be uncovered providing clarification of who  Homo floresiensiswas in the future.
In 2008, a chip of a Denisovan’s fingertip was discovered in a small chamber in the Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia. After it was scientifically analyzed by Johannes Krause (part of evolutionary geneticist Svante Pääblo’s team of the Max Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology) it was clear, without a doubt, that the fingertip did not come from a modern human or a Neanderthal; it was a completely different species.
To paint a picture, two teeth were discovered that fit into the Denisovan family. The teeth are larger than the teeth of modern humans and Neanderthal.   One tooth was at first thought to belong to a cave bear. A magical note to the location of this discovery is that Densinova is (so far) the only place on the planet where modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans all lived at some point, according to Pääblo.
Early modern human evolution was around 500,00 years ago.  The Denisovans, Neanderthals, and  Homo floresiensis derived from that group, becoming their own separate hominin group. This interesting information designates that humans are not descendants of any of the aforementioned, but rather they broke off the same group. Until research provides different conclusions, every group originated out of Africa, with modern humans being of the Homo sapiens group, Neanderthals of the Homo neanderthalensis group and Homo floresiensis being its own group.
Dr. Meyers theorized that the Neanderthals (who went to Europe and Central Asia) and Denisovans (to East Asia) left Africa approximately half a million years ago. Homo floresiensiswas uncovered on the Indonesian Island of Flores, according to Dr. Meyer. The discovery is still being assessed. Homo sapiens left about fifty to one hundred thousand years ago. These are said to be the early beginnings of modern humans.
While the Denisovans, Neanderthals, and Homo floresiensis are the only types of hominins known at this time, in the future there may be more as scientists continue to uncover new information.  The full details of the study were published this month in the journal Nature.